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j(this)d(will)g(generally)g(b)q(e)i(run)e(in)h(bac)o(kground,)g(to)g(pro)q (duce)g(a)g(table)f(to)h(b)q(e)h(h)o(ung)e(on)h(the)-104 1001 y(observ)m(atory)15 b(w)o(all)g(or)g(put)g(in)f(a)i(noteb)q(o)q(ok.)-8 1091 y(I)g(wrote)f(b)q(oth)f(these)g(as)h(standalone)e(C-language)h (programs.)19 b(T)l(o)d(maximize)e(p)q(ortabil)o(it)n(y)e(and)j(ease)g(of)g (use)-104 1149 y(I)k(tried)e(to)h(mak)o(e)g(the)g(user)f(in)o(terface)g(\\as) g(simple)g(as)h(p)q(ossible,)f(but)g(no)h(simpler")e(\(to)h(paraphrase)f (Einstein\).)-104 1206 y(There)d(are)f(no)f(graphics,)g(no)h(mouse-driv)o(en) d(men)o(us,)j(or)f(an)o(ything)e(lik)o(e)i(that.)19 b(Y)l(ou)11 b(t)o(yp)q(e)h(stu\013)f(and)g(the)g(computer)-104 1263 y(t)o(yp)q(es)h (stu\013)e(bac)o(k.)20 b(The)12 b(commands)e(are)h(as)h(terse)f(as)g(p)q (ossible)f({)h(single)f(letters)g({)i(so)f(ev)o(en)h(h)o(un)o(t-and)o(-p)q (ec)o(k)d(t)o(ypists)-104 1320 y(should)15 b(b)q(e)h(able)g(to)g(use)g(the)g (programs)f(e\016cien)o(tly)l(.)22 b(Throughout)14 b(this)h(do)q(cumen)o(t)g (I'v)o(e)i(indicated)d(things)g(that)-104 1378 y(y)o(ou)i(or)f(the)g (computer)g(t)o(yp)q(e)g(with)g Fh(this)25 b(typeface)p Fi(.)-8 1468 y(In)13 b(some)f(sense)h(these)f(programs)f(and)h(their)f(do)q(cumen)o (tation)e(are)k(a)g(`publicati)o(on)o(')d(for)j(me,)g(though)e(not)h(in)g(a) -104 1525 y(refereed)h(journal.)18 b(Accordingly)l(,)11 b(I'd)i(lik)o(e)e (these)h(to)h(b)q(e)g(disseminat)o(ed)d(as)j(widely)e(as)i(p)q(ossible)e(in)g (the)h(comm)o(unit)o(y)-104 1583 y(of)19 b(professional)d(astronomers.)29 b(Please)19 b(feel)g(free)g(to)f(pass)h(them)f(along.)30 b(If)19 b(y)o(ou)f(w)o(ould)g(lik)o(e)g(y)o(our)g(o)o(wn)h(cop)o(y)l(,)-104 1640 y(it)d(can)h(b)q(e)g(obtained)e(via)h(anon)o(ymous)f(ftp)h(from)g Fh(iraf.noao.edu)p Fi(;)i(it's)e(in)g(the)h Fh(contrib)g Fi(directory)f (under)f(the)-104 1697 y(name)20 b Fh(skycalc)p Fi(.)35 b(Y)l(ou'll)18 b(need)h(access)i(to)e(a)h(UNIX)g(mac)o(hine)e(to)i(unpac)o(k)e(the)i Fh(tar)g Fi(\014le,)g(but)f(the)h(co)q(de)g(itself)-104 1755 y(should)14 b(run)h(on)g(almost)f(an)o(ything)f(with)i(a)g(C)i(compiler.)493 1866 y Fj(1.)25 b(THE)19 b(INTERA)n(CTIVE)e(ALMANA)n(C)-104 1984 y Fg(Overview)-8 2088 y Fi(This)i(is)h(designed)e(to)i(pro)o(vide)e (quic)o(k)h(and)h(easy)g(access)g(to)g(astronomical)d(quan)o(titi)o(es)h(of)i (in)o(terest)d(to)j(an)-104 2145 y(observ)o(er)15 b(at)h(the)f(telescop)q(e,) g(and)g(to)g(ease)i(the)e(plannin)o(g)e(of)i(\(esp)q(ecially)f(nigh)o(tti)o (me\))f(observ)m(ations.)-8 2236 y(This)e(ma)o(y)g(seem)g(unnecessary)l(,)g (since)g(so)g(man)o(y)f(p)q(o)o(w)o(erful)g(`desktop)g(planetarium)o(')f (programs)h(are)h(a)o(v)m(ailable.)-104 2293 y(While)19 b(these)g(are)h(v)o (ery)g(impressiv)o(e,)f(and)g(often)g(v)o(ery)h(useful,)g(they)f(don't)g(alw) o(a)o(ys)g(pro)o(vide)f(the)i(informati)o(on)-104 2350 y(needed)c(b)o(y)f (professional)d(astronomers)i(in)h(the)g(most)g(useful)f(form.)21 b(F)l(urthermore)14 b(they)h(are)h(generally)e(w)o(edded)-104 2408 y(to)i(a)g(particula)o(r)d(arc)o(hitecture)g(and)i(op)q(erating)f (system,)h(generally)f(PCs)j(or)e(Apple)g(mac)o(hines.)-8 2498 y(I)f(wrote)f(this)f(program)f(to)i(serv)o(e)g(m)o(y)h(o)o(wn)f(needs,)g (whic)o(h)f(are)h(broadly)f(t)o(ypical)f(of)i(the)f(professional)e(observ-) -104 2555 y(ing)j(comm)o(unit)o(y)l(.)18 b(Man)o(y)13 b(amateurs)g(ma)o(y)g (\014nd)g(it)g(useful)f(as)i(w)o(ell.)20 b(It)14 b(is)f(written)f(in)h (garden-v)m(ariet)o(y)f(C)i(and)f(has)h(a)-104 2613 y(dead-simple)e(user)i (in)o(terface)e(\(y)o(ou)i(t)o(yp)q(e,)h(then)e(it)h(t)o(yp)q(es)g({)g(no)g (mouse,)g(no)g(graphics,)f(nothing)f(di\016cult)g(to)i(mo)o(v)o(e)-104 2670 y(from)j(mac)o(hine)f(to)i(mac)o(hine\).)25 b(Commands)17 b(are)g(terse.)28 b(The)18 b(co)q(de)g(is)f(designed)f(to)h(run)g(on)g(w)o (orkstation-class)935 2785 y(2)p eop %%Page: 3 3 bop -104 48 a Fi(mac)o(hines)18 b(ubiquitous)e(in)j(professional)d(circles;) 21 b(mo)q(di\014cations)16 b(are)k(necessary)g(to)f(\014t)g(it)g(on)o(to)f (PC-class)i(ma-)-104 105 y(c)o(hines)12 b(\(see)i(the)e(notes)h(at)g(the)g (end)g(if)f(this)g(is)g(of)h(in)o(terest\).)18 b(There)c(is)e(a)i(new)g (\(summer)d(1994\))i(pro)o(vision)d(to)j(write)-104 162 y(calculated)h (results)g(directly)g(to)h(a)h(log)f(\014le)g(without)e(ha)o(ving)h(to)h(use) h(op)q(erating-system)d(output)g(redirection.)-8 256 y(The)20 b(program)e(is)h(designed)e(as)j(follo)o(ws.)31 b(Y)l(ou)18 b(sp)q(ecify)h(information)d(ab)q(out)i(y)o(our)h(site,)h(the)f(co)q (ordinates)-104 314 y(of)g(y)o(our)e(ob)s(ject,)i(the)f(date)f(and)h(time,)g (or)h(whatev)o(er)f(else)g(is)g(relev)m(an)o(t,)g(using)f(v)o(ery)h(simple)f (commands)g(and)h(a)-104 371 y(\015exible,)j(ob)o(vious)e(format.)34 b(Then)21 b(y)o(ou)f(giv)o(e)g(a)h(command)e(to)i(do)f(calculation)o(s)e(and) i(put)f(out)h(results;)i(some)-104 428 y(of)17 b(these)g(commands)f(prompt)f (for)i(further)e(needed)i(informati)o(on.)23 b(The)18 b(output)d(commands)g (are)j(explained)d(in)-104 485 y(more)h(detail)e(later,)g(but)h(the)g(follo)o (wing)e(summary)h(giv)o(es)h(some)h(idea)f(of)g(the)g(program's)f(aims.)-83 580 y Fh(h)50 b Fi(The)17 b(`hourly)e(airmass')g(command)g(prin)o(ts)f(a)i (table)f(of)h(the)g(airmass,)g(hour)f(angle,)h(and)f(other)h(informati)o(on) -8 637 y(for)f(eac)o(h)g(hour)f(during)f(the)i(nigh)o(t.)k(Users)c(tell)f(me) h(that)g(they)g(use)g(this)f(more)h(frequen)o(tly)e(than)h(an)o(y)h(of)g(the) -8 694 y(other)g(options.)k(It)c(uses)h(the)f(date,)g(the)g(site,)h(and)e (the)i(ob)s(ject)e(co)q(ordinates.)-83 788 y Fh(a)50 b Fi(The)18 b(`nigh)o(tly)e(almanac')h(command)f(tabulates)g(informati)o(on)f(ab)q(out)h (a)j(single)d(nigh)o(t,)g(includin)o(g)f(times)i(of)-8 845 y(sunset,)c(sunrise,)f(t)o(wiligh)o(t)o(,)g(mo)q(onrise)g(or)h(-set,)h(the)f (mo)q(on)g(phase,)g(mo)q(on)g(co)q(ordinates,)f(the)h(mo)q(on)g(phase)g(at)-8 903 y(midnigh)n(t,)c(sidereal)g(times)h(at)g(midnigh)n(t)e(and)i(t)o(wiligh)n (t,)f(and)h(other)g(suc)o(h.)19 b(It)10 b(uses)h(only)f(the)g(site)g (informati)o(on)-8 960 y(and)15 b(the)g(date.)-83 1054 y Fh(=)50 b Fi(This)11 b(prin)o(ts)e(the)i(`instan)o(taneou)o(s)e(circumstances')h(for) h(y)o(our)g(observ)m(ation;)g(it)g(uses)h(practicall)o(y)d(all)i(the)g(input) -8 1111 y(informati)o(on)c(\(site,)k(RA)g(and)e(dec,)j(date)e(and)g(time\))f (and)g(tells)g(y)o(ou)h(the)g(airmass,)g(precessed)g(co)q(ordinates,)g(the)-8 1169 y(state)i(of)g(the)f(mo)q(on)h(and)g(its)f(mo)q(deled)g(sky-brigh)o (tness)e(con)o(tributi)o(on,)h(t)o(wiligh)o(t)o(,)h(helio)q(cen)o(tri)o(c)f (\(barycen)o(tric,)-8 1226 y(actually\))16 b(corrections,)j(the)f(parallacti) o(c)f(angle,)i(the)f(julian)e(date,)k(and)e(v)m(arious)g(other)g(stu\013.)29 b(There)20 b(are)-8 1283 y(little)14 b(niceties)h(suc)o(h)h(as)h(a)f(c)o(hec) o(k)h(as)g(to)f(whether)g(a)h(ma)s(jor)f(planet)e(migh)o(t)h(b)q(e)i(near)f (the)h(line)e(of)h(sigh)o(t,)g(and)-8 1340 y(whether)f(a)h(solar)e(or)i (lunar)e(eclipse)g(is)h(in)g(progress.)-83 1435 y Fh(o)50 b Fi(The)22 b(`seasonal)e(observ)m(abilit)n(y')f(command)h(is)g(designed)g(to)h (help)f(y)o(ou)g(accurately)g(assess)h(the)g(`range)g(of)-8 1492 y(acceptable)c(dates')h(for)g(observing)f(a)i(giv)o(en)e(ob)s(ject.)29 b(It)19 b(tabulates)d(ho)o(w)i(man)o(y)g(hours)g(an)g(ob)s(ject)f(will)g(b)q (e)-8 1549 y(observ)m(able)d(at)h(nigh)o(t)e(at)i(less)g(than)f(3,)i(2,)g (and)f(1.5)g(airmasses)f(from)h(y)o(our)f(site;)h(the)g(tabulati)o(on)d(is)j (for)g(eac)o(h)-8 1606 y(new)k(and)e(full)f(mo)q(on)i(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(t)o (w)o(o)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)f(dates.)28 b(Th)o(us)17 b(this)g(serv)o(es)h(as)g(a) g(lunar)f(phase)g(calendar)g(as)-8 1664 y(w)o(ell.)-83 1758 y Fh(m)50 b Fi(This)13 b(`ma)s(jor)g(planets')f(command)h(t)o(yp)q(es)g(out)g (rough)g(p)q(ositions)e(of)i(the)h(ma)s(jor)e(planets)g(for)h(y)o(our)g (site,)h(date,)-8 1815 y(and)h(time,)g(includi)o(ng)e(their)h(hour)g(angles)h (and)g(airmasses.)-8 1909 y(In)21 b(addition)o(,)f(there)g(are)g(sev)o(eral)g (sp)q(ecial-purp)q(ose)e(calculators)g(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)h(b)o(y)h(t)o(w)o (o-c)o(haracter)f(commands)-104 1966 y(\(the)13 b(t)o(w)o(o-c)o(haracter)e (commands)g(are)i(called)f(`extra)h(go)q(o)q(dies'\).)20 b(These)13 b(list)e(times)h(of)h(ev)o(en)o(ts)f(for)h(a)g(v)m(ariable)e(star,)-104 2024 y(precess)16 b(batc)o(hes)f(of)h(co)q(ordinates,)e(con)o(v)o(ert)h (julian)f(to)h(calendar)g(dates,)h(giv)o(e)f(the)h(o\013set)g(from)f (ephemeris)f(time,)-104 2081 y(and)h(suc)o(h.)-8 2175 y(Sp)q(eci\014ying)f (input)f(parameters)i(one-b)o(y-one)g(can)h(b)q(e)g(tedious,)e(so)i(there)g (are)g(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)i(w)o(a)o(ys)g(to)g(mak)o(e)-104 2232 y(this)j(more)g(con)o(v)o(enien)o(t.)31 b(Sites)18 b(\(whic)o(h)g (include)g(most)h(of)g(the)g(w)o(orld's)g(ma)s(jor)f(observ)m(atories\))g (are)i(presen)o(ted)-104 2290 y(on)e(a)f(men)o(u.)26 b(One)17 b(can)g(read)g(the)g(system)h(clo)q(c)o(k)f(with)g Fh(T)g Fi(and)g(set)g(the) g(date)g(and)g(time)f(to)h(`righ)o(t)f(no)o(w')h(\(plus)f(a)-104 2347 y(settable)g(o\013set,)h(in)g(case)g(y)o(ou're)g(in)o(terested)e(in,)h (sa)o(y)l(,)i(half)e(an)h(hour)f(from)g(no)o(w\).)25 b(This)17 b(is)f(esp)q(ecially)g(useful)f(at)-104 2404 y(the)h(telescop)q(e.)k(There)c (is)f(also)g(pro)o(vision)d(under)i(extra)i(go)q(o)q(dies)f(for)g(reading)e (in)i(a)h(list)d(of)j(ob)s(jects)e(\(in)g(a)i(simple)-104 2461 y(format\),)f(presen)o(ting)d(this)i(list)g(sorted)g(in)h(v)m(arious)f(w)o(a) o(ys,)i(and)f(selecting)f(ob)s(ject)g(co)q(ordinates)g(from)g(it.)21 b(Finally)l(,)-104 2519 y(one)16 b(can)g(automatical)o(l)o(y)e(set)h(the)g (co)q(ordinates)f(to)h(the)h(zenith)e(for)h(the)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(site,)g (date,)g(and)g(time.)-8 2613 y(There's)j(\015exibilit)n(y)d(as)j(to)g(ho)o(w) f(y)o(ou)h(sp)q(ecify)f(dates)g(and)g(times,)h(whic)o(h)e(comes)i(at)g(a)g (cost)f(in)g(consistency)-104 2670 y(and)g(simplici)o(t)o(y)l(.)23 b(By)18 b(toggling)c(soft)o(w)o(are)i(switc)o(hes)g(y)o(ou)h(can)g(sp)q (ecify)g(times)f(either)g(in)g(UT)i(or)f(lo)q(cal)f(zone)i(time)935 2785 y(3)p eop %%Page: 4 4 bop -104 48 a Fi(\(whic)o(h)16 b(can)g(optionall)o(y)e(include)h(da)o(yligh)o (t)e(sa)o(vings\);)i(also,)i(y)o(ou)f(can)g(apply)g(a)g(date)h(con)o(v)o(en)o (tion)c(b)o(y)k(whic)o(h)e(the)-104 105 y(ev)o(ening)g(date)g(applies)e(all)i (nigh)o(t,)e(for)i(nigh)o(ttim)o(e)e(con)o(tin)o(uit)n(y)l(.)-8 196 y(Later)g(in)g(this)f(do)q(cumen)o(t)g(I)i(giv)o(e)g(a)f(length)o(y)f (and)h(detailed)e(description)g(of)i(the)h(lev)o(el)e(of)i(accuracy)g(exp)q (ected)-104 253 y(for)21 b(all)e(the)h(calculations.)33 b(My)21 b(philosoph)n(y)d(has)j(b)q(een)f(to)h(compute)f(ev)o(erything)f(as)h (accurately)g(as)h(I)g(could,)-104 310 y(consisten)o(t)15 b(with)i(the)g (requiremen)o(t)e(that)h(the)h(program)f(b)q(e)i(self-con)o(tai)o(ned)c(and)j (p)q(ortable.)24 b(F)l(or)18 b(example,)f(the)-104 368 y(precession)d(and)f (sidereal)g(time)h(calculation)o(s)e(are)i(v)o(ery)h(accurate)f(b)q(ecause)h (they)f(are)h(reasonably)e(compact,)h(but)-104 425 y(the)g(planetary)f(p)q (ositions)e(are)k(not)f(de\014niti)o(v)o(e)e(b)q(ecause)j(that)e(w)o(ould)g (require)g(the)h(inclusion)d(of)j(rather)g(extensiv)o(e)-104 482 y(data)h(tables.)20 b(Whic)o(h)14 b(leads)h(to)g Fe(:)8 b(:)g(:)-8 573 y Fg(**)19 b(A)f(FEW)g(CA)o(UTIONS:)h(I've)f(made)h(this)e(c)n (o)n(de)h(as)f(ac)n(cur)n(ate)h(and)g(as)g(gener)n(al)r(ly)h(useful)d(as)i(I) g(c)n(ould,)g(but)-104 630 y(b)n(efor)n(e)d(using)e(it)h(for)i(purp)n(oses)e (wher)n(e)h(extr)n(eme)f(ac)n(cur)n(acy)h(is)f(critic)n(al,)g(or)h(for)h(lo)n (c)n(ations)e(at)h(extr)n(eme)f(ge)n(o)n(gr)n(aphic)n(al)-104 688 y(p)n(ositions,)f(it's)g(a)h(go)n(o)n(d)g(ide)n(a)g(to)g(r)n(e)n(ad)g(up) g(on)g(the)g(algorithms)g(and)h(their)e(limitations.)20 b(A)o(nd)14 b(it's)f(always)h(the)g(user's)-104 745 y(r)n(esp)n(onsibility)19 b(to)h(b)n(e)f(sur)n(e)g(the)h(answers)f(ar)n(e)h(sensible.)29 b(Be)20 b(esp)n(e)n(cial)r(ly)g(c)n(ar)n(eful)f(when)h(the)g(c)n(o)n(de)g(is) f(r)n(e)n(c)n(ompile)n(d)-104 802 y(on)e(your)f(lo)n(c)n(al)h(machine;)f(exp) n(erienc)n(e)f(shows)h(that)g(c)n(ompilers)g(c)n(an)g(gener)n(ate)g(di\013er) n(ent)f(answers)g(fr)n(om)h(the)h(same)-104 860 y(c)n(o)n(de.)33 b(The)22 b(examples)f(b)n(elow)g(c)n(an)f(b)n(e)h(use)n(d)e(to)j(che)n(ck)e (that)i(your)f(lo)n(c)n(al)g(c)n(ompiler)g(gives)f(go)n(o)n(d)h(answers.)32 b(With)-104 917 y(these)17 b(c)n(ave)n(ats,)f(we)h(pr)n(o)n(c)n(e)n(e)n(d)f (to....)21 b(**)450 1029 y Fj(1.1)f({)f(BASIC)e(USE)i(OF)g(THE)f(PR)n(OGRAM.) -8 1120 y Fi(Before)e(starting,)e(note)h(that)g(y)o(ou)g(should)f(ideally)g (b)q(e)j(able)e(to)h(get)g(going)e(with)h(the)h(program)f(in)g(ab)q(out)g(10) -104 1177 y(min)o(utes)i Fg(without)i Fi(referring)e(to)i(this)e(do)q(cumen)o (t,)i(using)e(the)i(fast)f(guided)f(tour)h(option)f(and)i(other)f(help)g (text.)-104 1234 y(\(I'v)o(e)13 b(established)d(this)h(empiricall)o(y)f(with) i(v)o(olun)o(teer)e(astronomer)h(sub)s(jects\).)18 b(Nonetheless,)12 b(going)f(through)f(the)-104 1292 y(program)j(with)h(this)f(do)q(cumen)o(t)f (in)i(hand)f(should)f(giv)o(e)i(a)g(more)h(thorough)d(understand)o(in)o(g)g (of)i(the)g(program)f(and)-104 1349 y(dra)o(w)j(atten)o(tion)d(to)j(the)f (man)o(y)h(things)e(it)h(can)h(do.)22 b(This)15 b(do)q(cumen)o(t)f(should)g (b)q(e)j(a)f(useful)e(reference,)i(esp)q(ecially)-104 1406 y(for)h(questions)f(of)h(accuracy)l(,)h(generalit)o(y)l(,)d(and)i(suc)o(h.)25 b(I)17 b(assume)g(that)f(the)h(user)g(is)f(familiar)e(with)j(the)g(concepts) -104 1463 y(of)e(celestial)f(co)q(ordinates,)f(sidereal)h(time,)g(and)h(so)g (on;)g(the)g(program)f(has)h(no)g(pro)o(vision)d(for)j(teac)o(hing)e (complete)-104 1521 y(no)o(vices!)-8 1612 y Fg(Computerphob)n(es)18 b(ple)n(ase)f(note:)22 b Fi(There's)16 b(v)o(ery)g(little)d(y)o(ou)j(could)e (do)i(whic)o(h)f(could)f(cause)i(the)g(program)e(to)-104 1669 y(`run)19 b(a)o(w)o(a)o(y',)h(and)e(although)e(it)i(can)h(write)f(out)h(log)f (\014les)g(it)g(do)q(esn't)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(one)f(op)q(en)h(automaticall)o(y)l (.)29 b(So)18 b(y)o(ou)-104 1726 y(w)o(on't)h(h)o(urt)e(an)o(ything)f(b)o(y)i (mis-t)o(yping.)27 b(The)20 b(program)d(do)q(es)i(not)f(prompt)f(y)o(ou)h (under)f(most)h(circumstances,)-104 1783 y(whic)o(h)e(can)g(b)q(e)h (disconcerting;)d(but)i(t)o(yping)e(a)j(few)g(empt)o(y)e(carriage)h(returns)f (in)g(a)i(ro)o(w)f(will)f(usually)g(p)q(oin)o(t)f(y)o(ou)-104 1841 y(to)o(w)o(ards)h(help.)-104 1959 y Fg(Starting)i(Up)-8 2064 y Fi(Begin)f(b)o(y)h(running)d(the)i(program.)24 b(Ho)o(w)17 b(y)o(ou)g(do)g(this)e(is)i(dep)q(enden)o(t)e(on)h(y)o(our)h(op)q(erating)e (system.)25 b(On)17 b(a)-104 2121 y(UNIX)g(system,)g(y)o(ou)f(just)g(t)o(yp)q (e)g(the)g(name)h(of)f(the)g(program,)g(whic)o(h)g(is)g(lik)o(ely)f(to)h(b)q (e)h Fh(skycalc)p Fi(,)h(assuming)d(it)g(is)-104 2178 y(in)g(y)o(our)g (curren)o(t)f(directory)g(or)i(has)f(b)q(een)h(install)o(ed)d(in)h(y)o(our)h (path.)-8 2269 y(The)g(program)d(\014rst)h(asks)i(y)o(ou)e(to)h(select)g(an)g (observing)e(site;)i(a)g(little)e(men)o(u)h(comes)i(up)e(whic)o(h)g(giv)o(es) h(single-)-104 2326 y(c)o(haracter)j(co)q(des)h(for)f(a)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e (of)i(ma)s(jor)e(\(and)h(minor\))f(observ)m(atories.)25 b(Simply)16 b(t)o(yp)q(e)i(the)f(single)f(c)o(haracter)-104 2384 y(for)e(the)f(site)f(y)o (ou)i(w)o(an)o(t,)f(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o(y)i(a)h(carriage)f(return.)19 b(\(Throughout)11 b(the)i(program,)g(nothing)e(happ)q(ens)h(un)o(til)-104 2441 y(y)o(ou)17 b(t)o(yp)q(e)g(a)g(carriage)f(return\).)24 b(The)17 b(examples)f(computed)g(b)q(elo)o(w)h(are)g(for)f(Kitt)g(P)o(eak)i (\()p Fh(k)p Fi(\),)f(but)f(y)o(ou)g(can)h(giv)o(e)-104 2498 y(whatev)o(er)f(y)o(ou)e(lik)o(e.)20 b(Note)15 b(that)g(the)g(input)e(is)h (`case)i(sensitiv)o(e',)e(so)h Fh(K)h Fi(is)f(not)f(the)h(same)g(as)h Fh(k)p Fi(!.)22 b(Here's)15 b(what)g(the)-104 2555 y(men)o(u)g(should)f(lo)q (ok)h(lik)o(e,)g(though)f(y)o(ou'll)g(undoubted)o(ly)f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(more)g (men)o(u)g(options:)22 2670 y Fh(Astronomical)26 b(calculator)f(program,)h (by)f(John)g(Thorstensen.)935 2785 y Fi(4)p eop %%Page: 5 5 bop 72 105 a Fh(*SELECT)25 b(SITE*)h(-)f(Enter)g(single-character)h(code:)172 162 y(n)f(..)g(NEW)h(SITE,)f(prompts)h(for)f(all)g(parameters.)172 220 y(x)g(..)g(exit)h(without)f(change)h(\(current:)f(Kitt)h(Peak\))172 277 y(k)f(..)g(Kitt)h(Peak)f([MDM)g(Obs.])-8 371 y Fi(...)d(\(and)14 b(so)i(on)f(...)22 b(sev)o(eral)15 b(di\013eren)o(t)f(sites)g(are)i(a)o(v)m (ailable\))d(...)172 459 y Fh(l)25 b(..)g(Lick)h(Observatory)47 516 y(Your)f(answer)h(-->)-8 611 y Fi(If)14 b(the)g(desired)e(site)h(is)g (not)h(on)f(the)h(men)o(u,)f(t)o(yp)q(e)h(the)g(letter)e(for)i(a)g(new)g (site)f(\()p Fh(n)h Fi(in)f(this)f(example\))h(and)g(y)o(ou'll)-104 668 y(b)q(e)19 b(prompted)c(for)j(the)f(c)o(haracteristics)e(of)i(the)h (site.)27 b(The)18 b(prompts)e(should)g(b)q(e)i(self-explanato)o(ry)l(.)25 b(Note)18 b(that)-104 725 y(the)f(longitude)d(and)j(time)f(zone)h(are)h Fd(p)q(ositiv)o(e)d(w)o(est)o(w)o(ard)p Fi(,)i(unlik)o(e)e(the)i(Almanac)e (con)o(v)o(en)o(tion.)23 b(Also,)17 b(y)o(ou)g(m)o(ust)-104 782 y(sep)q(cify)e(the)f(longitud)o(e)f(in)h Fd(hours)f Fi(min)o(utes)g(and)h (seconds,)g(and)g(the)g(latitude)e(in)i Fd(degrees)h Fi(min)o(utes)d(and)i (seconds.)-8 877 y(The)21 b(program)e(next)h(attempts)f(to)h(read)g(y)o(our)g (computer's)f(in)o(ternal)f(clo)q(c)o(k)i(to)g(establish)e(the)i(time)g(and) -104 934 y(date.)j(Th)o(us)15 b(the)h(program)f(should)f(w)o(ak)o(e)j(up)e (with)g(the)h(time)g(and)f(date)h(set)g(to)g(`righ)o(t)e(no)o(w')i(*)h(.)23 b(This)16 b(ma)o(y)g(not)-104 991 y(b)q(e)e(what)g(y)o(ou)f(w)o(an)o(t,)g (but)f(among)h(all)f(p)q(ossible)g(times)g(it's)h(p)q(erhaps)f(the)h(most)g (lik)o(ely)f(c)o(hoice,)h(so)h(it's)f(the)g(default.)-104 1049 y(The)k(mac)o(hine)d(will)g(tell)g(y)o(ou)h(what)h(it)e(has)h(set)h(for)f (time)g(and)g(date.)-8 1143 y(After)g(this,)f(the)h(program)f(sets)h(the)g (co)q(ordinates)e(for)i(computations)d(to)j(the)g(zenith)f(for)h(the)g(sp)q (eci\014ed)g(site)-104 1200 y(at)f(the)f(date)g(and)g(time)f(whic)o(h)h(ha)o (v)o(e)g(just)f(b)q(een)i(set.)20 b(This)13 b(again)g(ma)o(y)g(not)g(b)q(e)h (what)f(y)o(ou)g(w)o(an)o(t,)h(but)e(if)h(y)o(ou're)g(at)-104 1257 y(the)h(telescop)q(e)f(it)g(at)h(least)f(assures)g(that)g(the)g(co)q (ordinates)f(are)i(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)f(the)h(horizon,)f(and)g(y)o(ou)g(can)h (easily)f(c)o(hange)-104 1315 y(this)h(later.)20 b(The)15 b(default)e(co)q (ordinate)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)i(is)f(1950,)h(so)g(y)o(ou)f(ma)o(y)h(notice)f (that)f(the)i(declinatio)o(n)d(of)j(the)f(zenith)-104 1372 y(is)i(in)e(general)h(sligh)o(tl)o(y)e(di\013eren)o(t)h(from)g(the)i(observ)m (atory)e(latitude.)-8 1466 y(Finally)l(,)e(the)i(program)f(suggests)f(that)h (new)i(or)e(rust)o(y)g(users)h(tak)o(e)f(the)h(`fast)f(tour')h(sequence)g(b)o (y)f(t)o(yping)f Fh(f)p Fi(.)21 b(I)-104 1524 y Fg(str)n(ongly)14 b Fi(suggest)f(that)g(new)h(users)f(go)h(through)d(this)i(10-min)o(ute)e (exercise.)21 b(The)14 b(rest)f(of)h(this)e(discussion)f(follo)o(ws)-104 1581 y(this)k(tutorial)d(in)o(tro)q(ducti)o(on)o(.)-104 1706 y Fg(Sp)n(e)n(cifying)k(a)h(date)h(\()p Fh(y)p Fg(\))e(and)i(getting)e(an)h (almanac)i(\()p Fh(a)p Fg(\))-8 1815 y Fi(The)j(guided)e(tour)g(\014rst)g (suggests)h(y)o(ou)g(sp)q(ecify)f(an)i(ev)o(ening)e(date)h(\(as)g(y)o(ear)g (mon)o(th)f(da)o(y\))g(and)h(get)g(the)-104 1873 y(almanac)15 b(for)g(that)f(date)h(b)o(y)h(t)o(yping)92 1967 y Fh(y)25 b(1995)h(3)f(22)g (a)-8 2061 y Fi(\(follo)o(w)o(ed,)13 b(as)j(alw)o(a)o(ys,)f(b)o(y)g(a)h (carriage)e(return\).)-8 2155 y(The)24 b Fg(c)n(ommand-line)g(syntax)g Fi(of)f(this)f(program,)i(suc)o(h)f(as)g(it)g(is,)i(is)d(nicely)h (exemple\014ed)f(here.)45 b(The)23 b Fh(y)-104 2213 y Fi(command)15 b(means)h(`set)g(the)f(date)g(to)h(the)f(follo)o(wing)e(date,)j(expressed)f (y)h(m)g(d'.)22 b(The)17 b(reason)e(for)g(the)g(somewhat)-104 2270 y(non-ob)o(vious)i(c)o(hoice)h(of)h Fh(y)h Fi(to)f(sp)q(ecify)g(the)g (date)f(is)h(that)f Fh(d)i Fi(is)f(used)f(for)h(declination)o(;)g(since)f (the)h(date)g(format)-104 2327 y(starts)14 b(with)g(the)g(y)o(ear,)h(this)e (is)h(at)h(least)f(a)g(little)f(bit)g(mnemonic.)19 b(The)c Fh(a)h Fi(command)d(means)h(`prin)o(t)f(the)h(almanac)-104 2385 y(information)h(for)i(the)h(presen)o(tly)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(\(ev)o (ening\))f(date'.)28 b(Note)18 b(that)f(the)h(commands)e(are)j(case-sensitiv) o(e,)p -104 2445 600 2 v -56 2498 a(*)24 b(This)10 b(w)o(orks)h(on)f(all)g (systems)g(I'v)o(e)i(tested)e(so)h(far,)g(and)f(the)h(c)g(library)e (functions)f(I)j(use)f(for)h(this)e(are)i(supp)q(osedly)-104 2555 y(standardized.)17 b(In)11 b(case)h(it)e(do)q(esn't)h(w)o(ork)h(I'v)o(e) g(built)c(a)k(switc)o(h)e(in)o(to)f(the)i(source)g(co)q(de)h(to)f(disable)e (all)h(the)h(functions)-104 2613 y(whic)o(h)17 b(rely)g(on)g(the)g(system)g (clo)q(c)o(k;)i(if)e(the)g(system)g(clo)q(c)o(k)h(is)e(disabled,)g(it)g(will) g(tell)h(y)o(ou)g(at)g(this)f(p)q(oin)o(t)f(and)i(set)-104 2670 y(the)f(time)e(and)h(date)g(to)h(a)f(default)f(v)m(alue)h(of)h(2000)f (Jan)g(1)h(at)f(midnigh)n(t.)935 2785 y(5)p eop %%Page: 6 6 bop -104 48 a Fi(so)19 b Fh(Y)f Fi(will)f(not)g(w)o(ork)i(in)e(place)h(of)f Fh(y)p Fi(.)30 b(The)18 b(program)f(seldom)g(cares)h(where)h(carriage)e (returns)g(are)h(placed,)g(but)-104 105 y(do)q(esn't)e(do)f(an)o(ything)e(un) o(til)f(a)k(carriage)f(return)f(is)h(t)o(yp)q(ed.)20 b(This)15 b(command)g(pro)q(duces)g(the)g(follo)o(wing)o(:)-8 162 y Fh(Here's)25 b(the)h(almanac)f(for)g(the)h(currently)f(specified)h(date:)-8 220 y(Almanac)f(for)h(Kitt)f(Peak)g([MDM)h(Obs.]:)-8 277 y(long.)75 b(7)26 b(26)f(28)g(\(h.m.s\))g(W,)h(lat.)50 b(31)25 b(57.2)h(\(d.m\),)f (elev.)50 b(1925)26 b(m)-8 335 y(Mountain)g(Standard)f(Time)g(\()51 b(7)25 b(hrs)g(W\))g(in)g(use)h(all)f(year.)-8 450 y(For)g(the)g(night)h(of:) f(Wed,)g(1995)h(Mar)f(22)g(--->)g(Thu,)h(1995)f(Mar)g(23)-8 507 y(Local)g(midnight)h(=)f(1995)g(Mar)h(23,)50 b(7)25 b(hr)g(UT,)g(or)h(JD) f(2449799.792)-8 564 y(Local)g(Mean)h(Sidereal)f(time)h(at)f(midnight)g(=)50 b(11)26 b(34)f(44.2)-8 679 y(Sunset)g(\()51 b(700)25 b(m)g(horizon\):)76 b(18)25 b(43)g(MST;)g(Sunrise:)101 b(6)25 b(23)g(MST)-8 737 y(Evening)g(twilight:)76 b(20)25 b(01)h(MST;)50 b(LMST)25 b(at)g(evening)h (twilight:)101 b(7)25 b(35)-8 794 y(Morning)g(twilight:)101 b(5)25 b(05)h(MST;)50 b(LMST)25 b(at)g(morning)h(twilight:)76 b(16)25 b(41)-8 852 y(12-degr)g(twilight:)51 b(19)25 b(32)h(MST)f(-->)75 b(5)25 b(34)g(MST;)h(night)f(center:)101 b(0)25 b(33)g(MST)-8 966 y(Moonrise:)101 b(0)25 b(53)g(MST)-8 1024 y(Moon)g(at)g(civil)h (midnight:)f(illuminated)h(fraction)g(0.555)-8 1081 y(0.5)f(days)h(before)f (last)g(quarter,)h(RA)f(and)g(dec:)51 b(17)25 b(42)g(18,)g(-19)h(53.7)-8 1196 y(The)f(sun)g(is)h(down)f(for)g(11.7)h(hr;)50 b(9.1)25 b(hr)g(from)h(eve->morn)f(18)g(deg)h(twilight.)17 1254 y(4.9)f(dark)h(hours)f (after)g(end)h(of)f(twilight)g(and)h(before)f(moonrise.)-8 1368 y(Type)g(command,)h('f')f(for)g(fast)h(tour,)f(or)g('?')g(for)h(menu:)-8 1507 y Fi(Note)11 b(that)e(the)i(date)f(y)o(ou)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(giv)o(en)g(is)h (in)o(terpreted)d(as)j(the)f(the)h Fg(lo)n(c)n(al)16 b Fi(date)11 b(for)f Fg(evening)t Fi(;)j(the)d(rest)h(is)f(largely)-104 1564 y(self-explanatory)l(,)i(but)h(a)h(few)h(remarks)f(are)g(in)f(order.)20 b(The)15 b(times)e(of)g(mo)q(onrise)g(or)h(mo)q(onset)f(are)i(rep)q(orted)e (only)-104 1621 y(if)j(they)g(o)q(ccur)g(when)g(the)f(sun)h(is)f(do)o(wn)h (\(or)f(close)h(to)g(it\).)21 b(The)16 b(phase)g(of)f(the)h(mo)q(on)g(is)f (prin)o(ted,)f(together)h(with)-104 1679 y(its)h(illumi)o(nat)o(ed)e (fraction)h(and)h(celestial)e(co)q(ordinates;)i(these)g(are)h(computed)e(for) h(lo)q(cal)g(midnigh)o(t)o(,)f(whether)h(or)-104 1736 y(not)j(the)g(mo)q(on)g (is)f(actually)g(up)g(at)h(the)g(time.)31 b(If)19 b(the)g(observ)m(atory)g (elev)m(ation)e(is)i(non-zero,)h(an)e(appro)o(ximate)-104 1793 y(correction)13 b(is)h(applied)e(to)j(the)f(times)f(of)h(mo)q(onrise)g(and)f (mo)q(onset;)i(this)e(is)h(discussed)e(more)j(fully)d(in)i(the)g(section)-104 1851 y(on)i(algorithm)o(s)d(and)i(accuracy)l(.)-104 1989 y Fg(Sp)n(e)n(cifying)h(r)n(a)h(and)h(de)n(c)f(\()p Fh(r)f Fg(and)i Fh(d)p Fg(\);)e(hourly)i(airmass)f(\()p Fh(h)p Fg(\))-8 2113 y Fi(No)o(w)g(let's)f(get)h(a)g(little)d(more)j(sp)q(eci\014c)f(and)g (consider)f(observing)g(a)i(particular)d(ob)s(ject.)24 b(The)17 b(guided)e(tour)-104 2170 y(no)o(w)h(suggests)e(y)o(ou)i(sp)q(ecify)f(an)g (RA)h(and)f(dec)g(and)g(mak)o(e)h(an)f(hourly)f(airmass)g(table)h(b)o(y)g(t)o (yping)92 2280 y Fh(r)25 b(15)h(28)f(27)g(d)g(12)g(13)g(14)h(h)-8 2389 y Fi(Note)19 b(here)g(that)f(the)h(default)e(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)j(for)e (input)f(co)q(ordinates)h(is)g(1950,)j(but)d(y)o(ou)h(can)g(c)o(hange)f(the)h (input)-104 2446 y(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)d(b)o(y)f(t)o(yping,)f(sa)o(y)l(,)i Fh(e)25 b(2000)p Fi(.)-8 2555 y(As)16 b(the)g(example)f(sho)o(ws,)h(times,)f (righ)o(t)f(ascensions,)h(and)g(declination)o(s)e(are)j(generally)f(en)o (tered)g(as)h Fg(triplets)-104 2613 y(of)j(numb)n(ers)d Fi(separated)g(b)o(y) h(`whitespace')g(c)o(haracters)f(\(blanks,)g(tabs,)h(or)g(newlines\).)24 b(Colons)17 b(do)g Fg(not)g Fi(w)o(ork)h(as)-104 2670 y(delimeters;)13 b(the)h(spacebar)f(is)h(a)h(lot)e(easier)g(to)h(t)o(yp)q(e,)h(an)o(yw)o(a)o (y)l(.)20 b(A)15 b(little)c(\015exibilit)n(y)h(is)h(allo)o(w)o(ed)g(in)g (these)h(formats.)935 2785 y(6)p eop %%Page: 7 7 bop -104 48 a Fi(The)16 b(leading)c(parts)h(\(hours,)g(degrees,)i(min)o (utes\))d(of)i(righ)o(t)f(ascensions)f(and)i(declination)o(s)e(can)i(ha)o(v)o (e)g(a)h(fractional)-104 105 y(part;)g(for)g(instance,)g(RA)g(19)420 88 y Fc(h)444 105 y Fi(15)492 88 y Fc(m)525 105 y Fi(00)573 88 y Fc(s)606 105 y Fi(could)g(b)q(e)h(en)o(tered)e(as)92 213 y Fh(r)25 b(19.25)-8 321 y Fi(and)18 b(in)f(recen)o(t)h(v)o(ersions)e(y)o(ou) i(don't)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(to)h(en)o(ter)g(the)g(trailin)o(g)e(zeros,)j(pro)o (vided)d(y)o(our)i(next)g(c)o(haracter)-104 378 y(is)g(a)g(v)m(alid)f (command)g(\(suc)o(h)g(as)h Fh(=)p Fi(\),)h(and)e(there)g(is)h(at)g(least)f (one)h(blank)f(follo)o(win)o(g)f(y)o(our)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er.)27 b(T)l(o)18 b(en)o(ter)g(a)-104 435 y(negativ)o(e)d(declinati)o(on,)e(just)h (mak)o(e)i(the)f(\014rst)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(negativ)o(e,)g(as)i(in)92 543 y Fh(d)25 b(-0)h(18)f(30)-8 651 y Fi(\()p Ff(\000)p Fi(0)17 b(is)g(correctly)f(handled)f(to)i(giv)o(e)f(a)i(negativ)o(e)e(declinati)o (on,)f(but)h(there)h(cannot)f(b)q(e)h(an)o(y)g(space)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)-104 708 y(the)f(min)o(us)d(sign)i(and)f(the)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)d(follo)o(wing.\)) -8 816 y(The)19 b Fh(h)g Fi(command,)f(whic)o(h)g(generates)g(the)g(hourly)f (airmass)g(table,)h(\014rst)f(prompts)g(y)o(ou)h(for)g(the)g Fh(Name)25 b(of)-104 873 y(object)p Fi(.)33 b(The)19 b(reason)f(for)h(this)e (is)i(that)f(y)o(ou)g(ma)o(y)h(wish)f(to)h(redirect)f(output)f(from)h(the)h (program)e(\(discussed)-104 930 y(later\))h(to)h(mak)o(e)g(a)g(hard)f(cop)o (y;)i(the)f(name)f(then)h(serv)o(es)f(to)h(lab)q(el)f(the)g(output.)30 b(The)19 b(name)g(serv)o(es)g(only)f(as)h(a)-104 988 y(lab)q(el,)c(so)h(y)o (ou)f(can)g(giv)o(e)h(a)f(single)f(c)o(haracter)h(if)f(y)o(ou)i(w)o(an)o(t.)k (Here's)c(what)f(the)g(output)f(lo)q(oks)h(lik)o(e:)-8 1102 y Fh(***)25 b(Hourly)h(airmass)f(for)g(Flapdoodle's)h(Variable)g(Nebula)f (***)-8 1217 y(Epoch)g(1950.00:)h(RA)50 b(15)25 b(28)h(27.0,)f(dec)50 b(12)25 b(13)h(14)-8 1274 y(Epoch)f(1995.22:)h(RA)50 b(15)25 b(30)h(35.7,)f(dec)50 b(12)25 b(04)h(01)-8 1389 y(At)f(midnight:)h(UT)f(date) g(1995)h(Mar)f(23,)g(Moon)g(0.56)h(illum,)50 b(45)25 b(degr)h(from)f(obj)42 1503 y(Local)151 b(UT)f(LMST)h(HA)125 b(secz)76 b(par.angl.)25 b(SunAlt)h(MoonAlt)42 1618 y(19)f(00)126 b(2)25 b(00)125 b(6)25 b(34)101 b(-8)25 b(57)75 b(\(down\))h(-43.5)125 b(-5.2)101 b(...)42 1675 y(20)25 b(00)126 b(3)25 b(00)125 b(7)25 b(34)101 b(-7)25 b(57)75 b(\(down\))h(-50.8)100 b(-17.8)h(...)42 1732 y(21)25 b(00)126 b(4)25 b(00)125 b(8)25 b(34)101 b(-6)25 b(56)75 b(\(down\))h(-55.7)125 b(...)h(...)42 1790 y(22)25 b(00)126 b(5)25 b(00)125 b(9)25 b(34)101 b(-5)25 b(56)100 b(8.033)76 b(-58.8)125 b(...)h(...)42 1847 y(23)25 b(00)126 b(6)25 b(00)100 b(10)25 b(35)101 b(-4)25 b(56)100 b(2.947)76 b(-60.1)125 b(...)h(...)67 1904 y(0)25 b(00)126 b(7)25 b(00)100 b(11)25 b(35)101 b(-3)25 b(56)100 b(1.857)76 b(-59.6)125 b(...)h(...)67 1962 y(1)25 b(00)126 b(8)25 b(00)100 b(12)25 b(35)101 b(-2)25 b(56)100 b(1.412)76 b(-56.5)125 b(...)h(-0.3)67 2019 y(2)25 b(00)126 b(9)25 b(00)100 b(13)25 b(35)101 b(-1)25 b(56)100 b(1.194)76 b(-48.5)125 b(...)h(10.5)67 2076 y(3)25 b(00)101 b(10)25 b(00)100 b(14)25 b(35)101 b(-0)25 b(55)100 b(1.091)76 b(-30.4)125 b(...)h(20.4)67 2133 y(4)25 b(00)101 b(11)25 b(00)100 b(15)25 b(35)126 b(0)25 b(05)100 b(1.064)126 b(3.0)f(...)h(28.8)67 2191 y(5)25 b(00)101 b(12)25 b(00)100 b(16)25 b(36)126 b(1)25 b(05)100 b(1.102)h(34.4)125 b(...)h(34.8)67 2248 y(6)25 b(00)101 b(13)25 b(00)100 b(17)25 b(36)126 b(2)25 b(05)100 b(1.220)h(50.3)125 b(-6.5)101 b(37.8)-8 2384 y Fi(Eac)o(h)13 b(line)f(sho)o(ws)g(the)h(lo)q(cal)f(time,)h(the)g(UT,)h (the)e(lo)q(cal)h(mean)f(sidereal)g(time,)g(and)h(the)f(ob)s(ject's)h(hour)e (angle;)-104 2441 y(the)18 b(next)f(quan)o(tit)o(y)f(sec)8 b Fe(z)r Fi(,)19 b(the)e(secan)o(t)g(of)h(the)f(zenith)g(angle,)g(is)g(essen) o(tially)e(the)i(same)h(thing)e(as)i(the)f(airmass.)-104 2498 y(The)h(notation)d Fh(\(down\))j Fi(in)e(this)g(column)g(means)h(the)g(ob)s (ject)f(is)h(b)q(elo)o(w)g(the)f(horizon;)h Fh(v.low)h Fi(will)e(o)q (ccasionally)-104 2555 y(app)q(ear)k(in)e(this)h(column,)g(meaning)f(that)h (the)g(ob)s(ject)g(is)g(so)h(near)f(the)h(horizon)e(that)g(sec)9 b Fe(z)22 b Fi(will)c(o)o(v)o(er\015o)o(w)h(the)-104 2613 y(space)d(pro)o (vided)d(for)i(it.)20 b(Note)15 b(that)f(the)h(last)f(t)o(w)o(o)h(columns)f (giv)o(e)h(the)g(altitud)o(e)e(of)i(the)g(sun)g(and)f(mo)q(on;)i(the)f(sun) -104 2670 y(is)j(prin)o(ted)d(if)j(it)f(is)g(higher)g(than)g Ff(\000)p Fi(18)610 2653 y Fb(\016)632 2670 y Fi(,)i(and)e(the)h(mo)q(on)g (if)f(it)g(is)h(higher)e(then)h Ff(\000)p Fi(2)1445 2653 y Fb(\016)1467 2670 y Fi(.)29 b(Otherwise)18 b(ellisp)q(es)e(\()p Fe(:)8 b(:)g(:)p Fi(\))935 2785 y(7)p eop %%Page: 8 8 bop -104 48 a Fi(are)15 b(prin)o(ted)c(in)j(those)f(spaces.)21 b(Also)13 b(notice)g(that)g(the)h(line)e(giving)h(the)h(UT)g(date)g(at)g (\(lo)q(cal)f(civil\))f(midnigh)o(t)f(also)-104 105 y(giv)o(es)16 b(the)g(mo)q(on's)g(illumi)o(nat)o(ed)e(fraction)g(and)h(its)h(angular)e (distance)g(from)i(the)g(ob)s(ject.)22 b(These)17 b(are)f(computed)-104 162 y(for)g(lo)q(cal)e(midnigh)o(t)o(,)f(whether)j(or)f(not)g(the)g(mo)q(on)g (is)g(actually)f(up)h(then.)-104 293 y Fg(A)j(Wor)n(d)f(ab)n(out)g(Har)n(d)h (Copy)g(and)g(L)n(o)n(g)f(Files)-8 412 y Fi(Users)k(tell)f(me)i(that)e(the)i Fh(h)f Fi(command)g(is)g(the)g(most)g(commonly)f(used)h(output)e(feature,)k (and)d(that)h(it's)-104 469 y(esp)q(ecially)c(nice)i(to)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(hard)f (copies)h(of)g(the)g(tables)f(for)h(y)o(our)g(main)f(targets.)29 b(This)18 b(therefore)g(seems)g(lik)o(e)g(a)-104 526 y(go)q(o)q(d)j(place)g (to)f(men)o(tion)f(t)o(w)o(o)h(w)o(a)o(ys)h(to)f(direct)g(the)g(program's)g (output)f(to)h(a)h(\014le:)31 b(one)21 b(can)g(either)e(redirect)-104 584 y(output)c(using)g(general)g(op)q(erating-system)f(features,)i(or)g(use)h (a)f(newly)h(install)o(ed)d Fg(lo)n(g)k(\014le)f Fi(feature.)23 b(The)17 b(log)e(\014le)-104 641 y(should)f(b)q(e)i(the)f(more)h(con)o(v)o (enien)o(t)d(of)i(the)g(t)o(w)o(o)g(p)q(ossibili)o(ti)o(es.)-8 746 y(The)f(log)f(\014le)g(feature)g(\(if)f(enabled)g({)i(see)h(next)e (paragraph\))e(is)i(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)f(from)h(the)g(`extra)h(go)q(o)q(dies')f (men)o(u)g(b)o(y)-104 804 y(t)o(yping)e Fh(xL)p Fi(.)i(The)h(big)d Fh(L)i Fi(in)f(this)f(case)i(is)g(mean)o(t)e(as)i(a)g(mnemonic)e(that)g (something)g(big)g(is)i(happ)q(ening)d(\(generally)l(,)h(I)-104 861 y(reserv)o(e)k(upp)q(er-case)f(for)g(commands)f(whic)o(h)h(c)o(hange)g (more)g(than)g(one)g(thing)f(at)h(a)h(time\).)k(Y)l(ou're)c(prompted)d(for) -104 918 y(the)j(name)f(of)h(a)g(log)f(\014le.)20 b Fg(When)d(the)f(lo)n(g)h (\014le)f(is)f(op)n(en,)i(almost)g(al)r(l)g(the)g(pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am's)e (output)h(\(exc)n(ept)g(for)h(pr)n(ompts\))-104 976 y(is)g(also)h(written)e (to)i(the)f(lo)n(g)h(\014le.)j Fi(If)16 b(y)o(ou)f(prin)o(t)f(out)h(the)g (online)f(do)q(cumen)o(tation)f({)j(suc)o(h)e(as)i(the)g(men)o(u)f(and)g (fast)-104 1033 y(tour)j({)g(this)f(go)q(es)i(to)f(the)g(log)f(\014le)h(as)g (w)o(ell.)29 b(The)19 b(log)e(\014le)h(has)g(minor)f(format)g(di\013erences)g (from)g(the)h(terminal)-104 1090 y(output)c(to)i(mak)o(e)g(it)f(easier)g(to)h (read.)21 b(If)16 b(y)o(ou)g(t)o(yp)q(e)f Fh(xL)i Fi(again)d(while)h(the)h (log)f(\014le)g(is)g(op)q(en,)h(it)f(closes)h(the)f(log)g(\014le,)-104 1147 y(so)k Fh(xL)h Fi(acts)e(as)h(a)g(toggle.)30 b(The)19 b(log)f(\014le)h(is)f(op)q(ened)g(with)g(`app)q(end')g(p)q(ermission,)g(so)g (if)g(it)g(exists)h(already)e(new)-104 1205 y(output)d(is)h(written)f(to)i (the)f(end.)-8 1310 y(Because)e(there)f(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)h(circumstances)e({)i (public)d(accoun)o(ts)h(or)h(some)h(suc)o(h)f({)g(in)g(whic)o(h)g(one)g(do)q (es)h(not)f(w)o(an)o(t)-104 1367 y(to)h(gran)o(t)e(users)g(p)q(ermission)f (to)i(write)g(\014les,)h(y)o(ou)f(can)g(disable)e(the)i(log)g(\014le)g (option)e(b)o(y)i(turning)e(o\013)i(a)h(prepro)q(cessor)-104 1425 y(switc)o(h)i(in)g(the)g(source)g(co)q(de)h(and)f(recompiling)o(.)k(The) d(switc)o(h)f(is)g(called)f Fh(LOG)p 1314 1425 16 2 v 18 w(FILES)p 1457 1425 V 18 w(OK)p Fi(.)-8 1530 y(More)21 b(general)g(output-redi)o(recti) o(on)e(using)h(the)h(op)q(erating)f(system)h(is)g(not)g(as)h(simple,)f(and)g (details)f(are)-104 1588 y(system-dep)q(enden)o(t.)33 b(Y)l(ou'll)19 b(generally)f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(to)g(prepare)f(a)i(list)d(of)i(commands)f(to)h (feed)h(in)o(to)d(the)i(program.)-104 1645 y(Here's)c(a)f(sample)f(of)g(what) h(the)f(command)g(input)f(\014le)h(migh)o(t)f(lo)q(ok)i(lik)o(e)e(in)h(a)h(t) o(ypical)e(case)j(for)e(the)g Fh(h)i Fi(command;)-104 1702 y(the)g(commen)o(ts)e(are)i(for)f(h)o(uman)f(legibil)o(it)n(y)f(and)i(are)g (not)g(to)h(b)q(e)g(included.)-8 1817 y Fh(\(input\))376 b(\(comment\))-8 1931 y(k)526 b(\(selects)26 b(Kitt)f(Peak,)h(assuming)f(it's)g(in)h(site)f (menu\).)-8 1989 y(y)g(1990)g(10)h(20)300 b(\(date\))-8 2046 y(e)25 b(2000)401 b(\(select)26 b(epoch)f(of)g(input)h(coordinates\))-8 2103 y(r)f(19)g(19)g(19)301 b(\(coordinates)26 b(..)f(ra)h(and)f(dec\).)-8 2160 y(d)g(2)g(2)g(2)-8 2218 y(h)526 b(\(hourly)26 b(circumstances)g (command\))-8 2275 y(Wholeflaffer)g(9)175 b(\(name)26 b(of)f(object)g(..)g (the)h(output)f(will)g(follow.\))-8 2332 y(r)g(20)g(20)g(20)301 b(\(for)26 b(next)f(object\))-8 2389 y(d)g(12)g(12)g(12)-8 2447 y(h)-8 2504 y(Flapdoodle's)h(Variable)f(Nebula)-8 2587 y Fi(and)15 b(so)g(on...)22 b Fh(r,)j(d,)g(h,)16 b Fi(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o(y) h(the)g(name,)h(un)o(til)o(..\))935 2785 y(8)p eop %%Page: 9 9 bop -8 48 a Fh(Q)351 b(\(exit)25 b(program\).)-8 158 y Fi(\(Note:)c(A)16 b(previous)f(v)o(ersion)f(of)i(the)g Fh(h)g Fi(command)f(prompted)f(for)h (the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)i(hours)e(to)i(prin)o(t;)e(this)g(is)-104 215 y(no)o(w)j(computed)d(automaticall)o(y)l(,)h(so)h(old)f(scripts)g (designed)f(for)i(the)g(previous)e(v)o(ersion)h(will)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)g(b)q (e)h(revised)-104 272 y(sligh)o(tly)l(.\))-104 412 y Fg(Instantane)n(ous)g (Cir)n(cumstanc)n(es;)d(the)j Fh(=)g Fg(Command)-8 537 y Fi(The)i(next)f (action)f(suggested)g(in)g(the)h(guided)e(tour)i(is)f(to)h(sp)q(ecify)g(a)g (time)g(of)g(da)o(y)l(,)h(and)e(then)g(displa)o(y)f(the)-104 594 y(instan)o(taneou)o(s)d(circumstances)h(b)o(y)h(t)o(yping,)f(for)h (instance,)92 704 y Fh(t)25 b(4)g(50)h(0)f(=)-8 814 y Fi(By)15 b(default,)e(the)h(time)g(y)o(ou)g(en)o(ter)g(is)g(tak)o(en)g(to)g(b)q(e)h (the)g(lo)q(cal)e(time,)i(but)e(this)g(can)i(b)q(e)g(c)o(hanged)e(to)h(UT)i (with)-104 872 y(the)i Fh(g)g Fi(option)d(\(b)q(elo)o(w\).)27 b(Also)16 b(b)o(y)i(default,)e(a)i(morning)d(time)i(\(suc)o(h)f(as)i(this)e (one\))h(is)g(in)o(terpreted)e(as)j(referring)-104 929 y(to)e(the)g(morning)d (of)j(the)g(date)f Fg(after)h Fi(the)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)f(date;)h(this)e(w)o(a) o(y)l(,)i(morning)e(and)h(ev)o(ening)g(times)g(refer)h(to)f(the)-104 986 y Fg(same)h(night)p Fi(.)k(This)13 b(can)g(also)g(b)q(e)h(c)o(hanged,)f (using)f(the)h Fh(n)h Fi(\(`nigh)o(t-da)o(te'\))d(option.)18 b(These)c(are)g(all)e(explained)g(later.)-8 1096 y(The)19 b Fh(=)f Fi(causes)g(the)g(instan)o(tan)o(eous)d(circumstances)i(to)h(b)q(e)g (displa)o(y)o(ed;)f(for)h(the)g(presen)o(t)e(parameters,)i(the)-104 1154 y(output)c(is:)-8 1269 y Fh(W)25 b(Long)g(\(hms\):)51 b(7)25 b(26)g(28.0,)h(lat)f(\(dms\):)g(31)g(57)h(12,)f(std)g(time)g(zone)76 b(7)25 b(hr)g(W)-8 1384 y(Local)g(Date)h(and)f(time:)g(Thu,)h(1995)f(Mar)g (23,)g(time)76 b(4)25 b(50)g(00.0)51 b(MST)67 1442 y(UT)25 b(Date)h(and)f(time:)g(Thu,)h(1995)f(Mar)g(23,)g(time)51 b(11)25 b(50)g(00.0)-8 1499 y(Julian)g(date:)h(2449799.993056)76 b(LMST:)50 b(16)25 b(25)h(31.8)-8 1614 y(Std)f(epoch-->)h(RA:)f(15)g(28)g(27.0,)h(dec:)f (12)g(13)g(14,)h(ep)f(1950.00)-8 1672 y(Current)51 b(-->)25 b(RA:)g(15)g(30)g(35.7,)h(dec:)f(12)g(04)g(01,)h(ep)f(1995.22)-8 1730 y(HA:)75 b(0)25 b(54)h(56;)f(sec.z)g(=)101 b(1.091)-8 1787 y(altitude)51 b(66.44,)25 b(azimuth)h(215.51,)f(parallactic)h(angle)f (30.3)76 b([-149.7])-8 1902 y(The)25 b(sun)g(is)h(down;)f(there)g(is)h(no)f (twilight.)-8 1960 y(Moon)g(:)g(17)h(52)f(07,-20)g(04.7,)h(alt)50 b(34.0,)25 b(az)g(155.3;)h(0.537)f(illum.)-8 2018 y(0.3)g(days)h(before)f (last)g(quarter.)51 b(Object)25 b(is)51 b(47.4)25 b(degr.)g(from)h(moon.)-8 2075 y(Lunar)f(part)h(of)f(sky)g(bright.)h(=)50 b(20.7)25 b(V)g (mag/sq.arcsec)h(\(estimated\).)-8 2133 y(Barycentric)g(corrections:)g(add)50 b(305.9)25 b(sec,)h(18.30)f(km/sec)g(to)h(observed)f(values.)-8 2190 y(Barycentric)h(Julian)f(date)g(=)h(2449799.996597)-8 2306 y(Type)f(command,)h('f')f(for)g(fast)h(tour,)f('?')g(for)h(a)f(menu:)-8 2445 y Fi(Notice)15 b(all)f(that)h(has)g(b)q(een)g(computed!)-8 2555 y(After)20 b(a)h(brief)e(summary)h(of)g(the)h(site)f(informati)o(on)o(,) g(the)g(next)h(blo)q(c)o(k)f(establishes)e(the)i(time)g(in)g(v)m(arious)-104 2613 y(systems.)29 b(The)19 b(date)e(and)h(time)f(are)h(giv)o(en)f(in)h(b)q (oth)f(lo)q(cal)g(and)h(UT.)h(If)f(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa)o(vings)h(time)i(is)f (selected,)i(a)-104 2670 y(recip)q(e)h(whic)o(h)e(should)f(b)q(e)j (appropriat)o(e)d(to)j(the)f(site)f(is)h(used)g(to)g(select)g(whether)g(the)g (lo)q(cal)g(time)f(is)h(rep)q(orted)935 2785 y(9)p eop %%Page: 10 10 bop -104 48 a Fi(in)19 b(DST)h(or)f(Standard.)30 b(Note)20 b(that)e(the)h(lab)q(el)f(on)h(the)g(lo)q(cal)g(time)f(will)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h (either)f(an)h(`S')h(or)f(a)h(`D')h(as)e(the)-104 105 y(second)g(c)o (haracter,)h(to)f(indicate)e(standard)g(or)i(da)o(yligh)o(t)o(.)30 b(LMST)19 b(stands)f(for)h(the)g Fg(lo)n(c)n(al)i(me)n(an)f(sider)n(e)n(al)g (time)p Fi(,)-104 162 y(whic)o(h)e(is)f(essen)o(tiall)o(y)f(the)i(lo)q(cal)f (sidereal)f(time.)28 b(It)18 b(disagrees)f(with)g(the)g(true)h(hour)f(angle)g (of)h(the)f(equino)o(x)g(b)o(y)-104 220 y(the)f(`equation)e(of)h(the)g (equino)o(xes',)g(caused)h(b)o(y)f(n)o(utation)o(;)e(this)h(amoun)o(ts)g(to)h (a)h(couple)f(of)g(seconds)g(at)g(most.)-8 329 y(The)f(next)g(blo)q(c)o(k)f (refers)h(to)f(the)h(ob)s(ject.)19 b(The)c(ob)s(ject's)d(co)q(ordinates)g (are)i(rep)q(orted)f(b)q(oth)g(for)g(the)h(`standard)-104 386 y(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h',)20 b(whic)o(h)c(is)i(set)g(with)f(the)g Fh(e)h Fi(option,)f(and)g(for)h(the)f(mean)h(equino)o(x)e(of)i(date.)28 b(The)18 b(program)f(`w)o(ak)o(es)h(up')-104 443 y(assuming)c(that)g(input)g (co)q(ordinates)f(are)j(for)f(equino)o(x)f(1950.)21 b(Prop)q(er)16 b(motions)e(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)h(included)d(\(see)j(b)q(elo)o(w\).)-8 552 y(The)j(quan)o(tit)o(y)d(sec)8 b Fe(z)21 b Fi(is)d(\(for)g(most)f(purp)q (oses\))g(nearly)h(the)g(same)g(as)h(the)f(airmass;)g(the)h(di\013erence)e (gro)o(ws)-104 610 y(large)g(only)g(near)g(the)g(horizon.)24 b(If)18 b(the)f(ob)s(ject)f(is)h(at)g(a)g(particularl)o(y)e(large)i(airmass,) f(or)h(b)q(elo)o(w)g(the)g(horizon,)g(a)-104 667 y(commen)o(t)h(is)g(prin)o (ted.)26 b(If)19 b(the)f(ob)s(ject's)f(airmass)g(is)h(v)o(ery)g(large,)h(it)e (is)h(not)g(prin)o(ted)d(to)j(a)o(v)o(oid)f(o)o(v)o(er\015o)o(wing)f(the)-104 724 y(space)h(pro)o(vided.)k(The)c Fg(altitude)j Fi(is)c(90)g(degrees)g(min)o (us)f(the)h(zenith)f(distance,)g(uncorrected)g(for)g(refraction;)g(the)-104 781 y Fg(azimuth)j Fi(is)c(\(as)g(usual\))e(measured)h(from)g(the)h(north)f (through)f(the)i(east.)20 b(The)15 b Fg(p)n(ar)n(al)r(lactic)i(angle)h Fi(is)c(the)f(p)q(osition)-104 839 y(angle)20 b(\(measured)e(N)i(through)e(E) j(at)f(the)f(ob)s(ject\))g(of)g(the)h(arc)g(that)f(connects)g(the)h(ob)s (ject)f(to)g(the)h(zenith,)g(or)-104 896 y(lo)q(osely)d(sp)q(eaking,)f(the)h (p)q(osition)e(angle)h(of)h(`straigh)o(t)d(up'.)26 b(This)16 b(is)h(useful)e(for)i(setting)e(a)j(sp)q(ectrograph)d(slit)g(to)-104 953 y(catc)o(h)k(the)h(disp)q(ersed)d(ligh)o(t.)31 b(\(See)19 b(Filipp)q(enk)o(o,)f(1982,)j(P)l(ASP)l(,)f(94,)h(715)f(for)f(a)g (discussion\))o(.)31 b(The)20 b(parallacti)o(c)-104 1011 y(angle)13 b(ma)o(y)f(c)o(hange)h(sign)f(at)g(the)h(meridian,)e(but)h(actually)f(v)m (aries)i(smo)q(othly)l(.)19 b(Because)13 b(some)g(applicati)o(ons)d(\(e.g.,) -104 1068 y(the)15 b(placemen)o(t)e(of)h(a)h(sp)q(ectrograph)e(slit\))g(are)i (indi\013eren)n(t)d(to)j(a)g(180-degree)f(shift)f(in)h(the)g(parallactic)e (angle,)i(the)-104 1125 y(angle)h Ff(\006)p Fi(180)h(degrees)f(is)g(rep)q (orted)g(in)g(square)g(brac)o(k)o(ets.)-8 1234 y(If)h(the)g(mo)q(on)g(could)e (b)q(e)j(in)o(terferi)o(ng)c(\(higher)h(than)h(2)h(degrees)g(b)q(elo)o(w)g (the)f(uncorrected)g(geometrical)f(hori-)-104 1291 y(zon\),)21 b(its)f(phase,)g(altitude)d(\(not)i(corrected)h(for)g(refraction\),)e (fraction)g(illumin)o(ated)o(,)h(appro)o(ximate)f(RA,)i(dec,)-104 1349 y(altitude,)14 b(and)h(azim)o(uth)e(are)j(rep)q(orted.)21 b(Also,)15 b(the)g(angle)g(subtended)f(at)h(the)h(observ)o(er)f(b)o(y)g(the)g (ob)s(ject)g(and)g(the)-104 1406 y(mo)q(on)f(is)f(rep)q(orted.)19 b(If)14 b(the)f(mo)q(on)g(is)g(more)h(than)e(t)o(w)o(o)h(degrees)h(b)q(elo)o (w)f(the)g(horizon,)f(it)h(is)g(rep)q(orted)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(`do)o(wn')-104 1463 y(and)h(only)g(its)g(phase)g(is)g(prin)o(ted.)k(If)d(b)q(oth)f(the)g(mo) q(on)h(and)f(the)g(ob)s(ject)g(are)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)h(the)f(horizon,)f Fg(and)j Fi(the)e(sun)g(is)-104 1521 y(more)e(than)e(9)h(degrees)h(b)q(elo)o (w)f(the)g(horizon,)f(an)h(estimated)f(v)m(alue)h(of)g(the)g(mo)q(on's)g(con) o(tributi)o(on)d(to)j(the)g(nigh)o(t-sky)-104 1578 y(brigh)o(tness)k(is)i (giv)o(en;)i(this)d(is)h(ob)o(viously)e(only)i(appro)o(ximate,)f(and)h(only)g (holds)f(under)g(ideal)h(condition)o(s.)28 b(F)l(or)-104 1635 y(comparison,)16 b(a)h(dark)g(site)f(has)g(ab)q(out)g(21.5)i Fe(V)27 b Fi(magnitude)15 b(p)q(er)i(square)f(arcsec,)i(but)e(this)g(v)m (aries)h(considerabl)o(y)-104 1692 y(with)e(solar)g(activit)o(y)e(and)i(suc)o (h.)-8 1801 y(If)k(the)g(sun)f(is)g(at)h(a)g(geometric)f(altitude)e Fe(>)j Ff(\000)p Fi(18)919 1784 y Fb(\016)961 1801 y Fi(but)e(b)q(elo)o(w)i (the)g(horizon,)f(t)o(wiligh)o(t)e(is)i(rep)q(orted.)30 b(The)-104 1859 y(zenith)15 b(distance)g(at)h(whic)o(h)f(the)h(sun's)g(upp)q(er)f(lim)o (b)f(reac)o(hes)i(the)g(horizon)f(is)g(tak)o(en)h(to)g(b)q(e)h(90)p Fe(:)p Fi(83)1706 1841 y Fb(\016)1744 1859 y Fi(if)f(the)f(obser-)-104 1916 y(v)m(atory)f(elev)m(ation)f(is)g(zero;)j(the)d(extra)h(0)p Fe(:)p Fi(83)689 1899 y Fb(\016)725 1916 y Fi(accoun)o(t)f(appro)o(ximat)o (ely)e(for)j(the)f(refraction)f(and)h(a)o(v)o(erage)h(angular)-104 1973 y(semidiameter)f(of)j(the)f(sun.)20 b(A)15 b(further)f(correction)g 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Fi(\(or)h(more)-104 2317 y(than)h(roughly)f(eigh)o(teen)g(degrees)h(b)q(elo)o(w)g(the)h (horizon\),)d(it)i(is)g(rep)q(orted)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(`do)o(wn'.)-8 2426 y(Another)e(feature)h(c)o(hec)o(ks)h(to)g(see)g(if)f(the)h(p)q(osition)d (y)o(ou'v)o(e)j(sp)q(eci\014ed)f(is)g(within)f(3)1496 2409 y Fb(\016)1534 2426 y Fi(of)i(the)f(computed)g(\(lo)o(w-)-104 2483 y(precision\))g(p)q(osition)f(of)i(an)o(y)h(ma)s(jor)e(planet.)24 b(If)17 b(it)f(is,)g(the)h(program)e(w)o(arns)i(y)o(ou.)24 b(This)16 b(w)o(a)o(y)h(y)o(ou)g(w)o(on't)f(try)h(to)-104 2541 y(set)c(on)g(y)o(our)f(98th)h(magnitud)o(e)e(ob)s(ject)h(only)g(to)h(\014nd)f (that)g(Jupiter)e(is)j(5)g(arcmin)o(utes)d(a)o(w)o(a)o(y!)20 b(Y)l(et)13 b(another)f(feature)-104 2598 y(rep)q(orts)18 b(if)f(an)h (eclipse)g(of)g(the)g(sun)f(or)h(mo)q(on)g(in)g(progress.)28 b(The)19 b(accuracy)f(exp)q(ected)h(of)f(these)g(predictions)d(is)-104 2655 y(discussed)f(later.)923 2785 y(10)p eop %%Page: 11 11 bop -104 48 a Fg(The)18 b Fh(o)f Fg(c)n(ommand)h(-)f(Observability)f(thr)n (ough)i(a)f(se)n(ason)-8 173 y Fi(The)f(next)f(suggestion)f(in)g(the)h (guided)f(tour)h(is)g(to)g(explore)g(the)g(observ)m(abilit)n(y)e(of)i(y)o (our)g(ob)s(ject)g(through)e(an)-104 231 y(observing)j(season,)h(b)o(y)g(t)o (yping)e Fh(o)p Fi(.)27 b(The)18 b(output)d(is)h(designed)g(for)g(use)h Fg(b)n(efor)n(e)g Fi(y)o(ou)g(apply)f(for)h(telescop)q(e)f(time)h({)-104 288 y(it)h(supplies)e(y)o(ou)i(with)f(accurate)h(informati)o(on)e(to)i(allo)o (w)f(y)o(ou)h(to)g(decide)g(the)g(`range)g(of)g(acceptable)f(dates')h(b)o(y) -104 345 y(prin)o(ting)12 b(a)k(summary)f(of)g(the)g(observ)m(abilit)n(y)e (of)j(y)o(our)f(ob)s(ject)f(\(as)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(b)o(y)g(the)g(RA,)i(dec,) f(and)f(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h\))-8 456 y(Y)l(ou)j(are)h(\014rst)f(prompted)e(for)i (the)h(range)f(of)g(dates)g(to)h(co)o(v)o(er,)g(\(in)f(standard)e(y)j(m)g(d)g (form\).)29 b(A)19 b(6-mon)o(th)-104 513 y(span)c(\014ts)g(in)g(a)h(standard) 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b(and)f(standard)f(t)o(wiligh)n(t)f(giv)o(es)i(the)g(follo) o(wing)d(output:)243 857 y Fh(***)25 b(Seasonal)g(Observability)h(of)f (Veeblefetzer's)h(Star)g(***)117 972 y(RA)f(&)h(dec:)50 b(15)25 b(28)g(27.0,)51 b(12)25 b(13)g(14,)g(epoch)h(1950.0)-8 1030 y(Site)f(long&lat:)76 b(7)25 b(26)g(28.0)h(\(h.m.s\))f(West,)51 b(31)25 b(57)g(12)g(North.)-8 1145 y(Shown:)g(local)h(eve.)f(date,)g(moon)h (phase,)f(hr)g(ang)h(and)f(sec.z)g(at)g(\(1\))h(eve.)f(twilight,)-8 1203 y(\(2\))g(natural)h(center)f(of)g(night,)h(and)f(\(3\))g(morning)h (twilight;)f(then)h(comes)f(number)h(of)-8 1261 y(nighttime)g(hours)f(during) g(which)h(object)f(is)g(at)h(sec.z)f(less)g(than)h(3,)f(2,)g(and)g(1.5.)-8 1319 y(Night)g(\(and)h(twilight\))f(is)g(defined)h(by)f(sun)g(altitude)h(<)f (-18.0)g(degrees.)17 1434 y(Date)g(\(eve\))h(moon)150 b(eve)301 b(cent)276 b(morn)126 b(night)25 b(hrs@sec.z:)468 1492 y(HA)50 b(sec.z)151 b(HA)50 b(sec.z)151 b(HA)50 b(sec.z)126 b(<3)75 b(<2)h(<1.5)-8 1549 y(1995)25 b(Feb)h(14)75 b(F)25 b(-10)g(44)50 b(down)101 b(-5)25 b(37)75 b(5.2)101 b(-0)25 b(30)75 b(1.1)101 b(4.5)75 b(3.6)h(2.7)-8 1607 y(1995)25 b(Feb)h(28)75 b(N)50 b(-9)25 b(39)50 b(down)101 b(-4)25 b(44)75 b(2.6)126 b(0)25 b(11)75 b(1.1)101 b(5.1)75 b(4.3)h(3.4)-8 1665 y(1995)25 b(Mar)h(16)75 b(F)50 b(-8)25 b(24)50 b(down)101 b(-3)25 b(45)75 b(1.7)126 b(0)25 b(55)75 b(1.1)101 b(5.9)75 b(5.0)h(4.1)-8 1722 y(1995)25 b(Mar)h(30)75 b(N)50 b(-7)25 b(18)50 b(down)101 b(-2)25 b(54)75 b(1.4)126 b(1)25 b(31)75 b(1.1)101 b(6.5)75 b(5.6)h(4.7)-8 1780 y(1995)25 b(Apr)h(14)75 b(F)50 b(-6)25 b(06)50 b(11.2)101 b(-1)25 b(59)75 b(1.2)126 b(2)25 b(08)75 b(1.2)101 b(7.1)75 b(6.3)h(5.3)-8 1838 y(1995)25 b(Apr)h(28)75 b(N)50 b(-4)25 b(57)76 b(3.0)100 b(-1)25 b(06)75 b(1.1)126 b(2)25 b(45)75 b(1.4)101 b(7.7)75 b(6.9)h(5.9)-8 1895 y(1995)25 b(May)h(14)75 b(F)50 b(-3)25 b(38)76 b(1.7)100 b(-0)25 b(04)75 b(1.1)126 b(3)25 b(30)75 b(1.6)101 b(7.1)75 b(7.1)h(6.4)-8 1953 y(1995)25 b(May)h(28)75 b(N)50 b(-2)25 b(30)76 b(1.3)125 b(0)25 b(52)75 b(1.1)126 b(4)25 b(14)75 b(2.1)101 b(6.7)75 b(6.6)h(5.7)-8 2011 y(1995)25 b(Jun)h(12)75 b(F)50 b(-1)25 b(21)76 b(1.1)125 b(1)25 b(54)75 b(1.2)126 b(5)25 b(08)75 b(3.4)101 b(6.3)75 b(5.5)h(4.5)-8 2069 y(1995)25 b(Jun)h(27)75 b(N)50 b(-0)25 b(18)76 b(1.1)125 b(2)25 b(56)75 b(1.4)126 b(6)25 b(10)50 b(13.3)101 b(5.2)75 b(4.4)h(3.5)-8 2126 y(1995)25 b(Jul)h(11)75 b(F)g(0)25 b(34)76 b(1.1)125 b(3)25 b(54)75 b(1.8)126 b(7)25 b(14)50 b(down)101 b(4.4)75 b(3.6)h(2.6)-8 2184 y(1995)25 b(Jul)h(26)75 b(N)g(1)25 b(22)76 b(1.1)125 b(4)25 b(54)75 b(2.9)126 b(8)25 b(26)50 b(down)101 b(3.6)75 b(2.8)h(1.8)-8 2242 y(1995)25 b(Aug)h(9)100 b(F)75 b(2)25 b(02)76 b(1.2)125 b(5)25 b(48)75 b(6.5)126 b(9)25 b(34)50 b(down)101 b(2.9)75 b(2.1)h(1.2)-8 2299 y(1995)25 b(Aug)h(25)75 b(N)g(2)25 b(44)76 b(1.4)125 b(6)25 b(48)50 b(down)101 b(10)25 b(52)50 b(down)101 b(2.2)75 b(1.4)h(0.5)-8 2357 y(1995)25 b(Sep)h(8)100 b(F)75 b(3)25 b(19)76 b(1.5)125 b(7)25 b(39)50 b(down)101 b(11)25 b(59)50 b(down)101 b(1.6)75 b(0.8)h(0.0)-8 2415 y(Listing)25 b(done.)51 b('f')25 b(gives)h(tutorial,)f('?')g(prints)h(a)f(menu.)-8 2555 y Fi(Because)c(observing)e(time)h(requests)g(are)h(so)g(in)o(timat)o (ely)d(tied)i(to)g(lunar)f(phase,)j(the)e(dates)h(selected)f(are)-104 2613 y(those)c(of)g(full)e(and)i(new)h(mo)q(on;)g(they)f(are)g(selected)g(to) g(b)q(e)h(those)e(\(lo)q(cal)g(ev)o(ening\))g(dates)g(on)i(whic)o(h)e(new)i (or)f(full)-104 2670 y(mo)q(on)h(fall)e(within)f(12)j(hours)e(of)i(the)f(cen) o(ter)g(of)g(the)h(nigh)o(t.)22 b(The)17 b(tabulati)o(on)c(starts)j(with)g (the)g(lunation)d(b)q(efore)923 2785 y(11)p eop %%Page: 12 12 bop -104 48 a Fi(y)o(our)20 b(sp)q(eci\014ed)f(starting)f(date.)34 b(A)o(t)20 b(eac)o(h)g(date,)h(the)e(ob)s(ject's)h(hour)f(angle)g(and)g (airmass)g(\(actually)f(sec)8 b Fe(z)r Fi(\))20 b(is)-104 105 y(giv)o(en)14 b(\(1\))h(at)f(ev)o(ening)g(t)o(wiligh)n(t,)e(\(2\))j(at)f(the) h(natural)d(cen)o(ter)i(of)h(the)f(nigh)o(t,)f(and)i(\(3\))f(at)g(morning)f (t)o(wiligh)n(t.)18 b(The)-104 162 y(`natural)c(cen)o(ter')g(is)h(time)f(of)h (the)g(sun's)f(lo)o(w)o(er)h(culminati)o(on)d(\(when)i(its)g(hour)h(angle)f (is)g(12)h(hours\);)f(in)h(general)f(it)-104 220 y(di\013ers)h(from)f(lo)q (cal)h(clo)q(c)o(k)g(midnigh)o(t)d(b)q(ecause)j(of)g(lo)q(cation)f(in)g(the)h (time)g(zone,)h(da)o(yligh)o(t)c(sa)o(vings)i(time,)h(and)f(the)-104 277 y(equation)h(of)h(time.)21 b(Finally)l(,)14 b(the)i(last)f(three)g (columns)g(giv)o(e)g(the)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)i(hours)f(during)e(the)j (nigh)o(t)e(\(that)g(is,)-104 334 y(past)j(t)o(wiligh)n(t\))d(for)i(whic)o(h) g(the)h(ob)s(ject)f(is)h(at)f(airmasses)g(less)h(than)e(3,)j(less)f(than)f (2,)i(and)e(less)g(than)g(1.5.)26 b(These)-104 391 y(limits)10 b(are)i(arbitrary)l(,)e(but)h(represen)o(tativ)o(e)e(of)j(p)q(o)q(or,)g (marginal,)f(and)g(go)q(o)q(d)h(observ)m(abilit)n(y)l(.)17 b(Circump)q(olar)10 b(ob)s(jects)-104 449 y(can)15 b(b)q(e)f(observ)m(able)f (b)q(oth)h(at)g(the)g(b)q(eginning)d(and)j(the)f(end)h(of)g(a)h(long)e(win)o (ter)g(nigh)o(t;)f(the)i(co)q(de)h(app)q(ears)e(to)h(tally)-104 506 y(the)i(observ)m(able)e(hours)h(prop)q(erly)l(.)-8 615 y(In)h(high)f(latitud)o(es,)f(t)o(wiligh)o(t)f(do)q(es)j(not)f(o)q(ccur)h(in) f(midsummer;)g(in)g(this)f(case,)j Fh(twi.all.night!)24 b Fi(app)q(ears)-104 672 y(in)13 b(the)g(columns)f(for)h(p)q(osition)e(at)i(ev)o(ening)g(and)f (morning)g(t)o(wiligh)n(t.)18 b(A)o(t)13 b(extremely)g(high)f(latitud)o(es,)g (the)h(sun)g(can)-104 729 y(remain)j(b)q(elo)o(w)h(the)f(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(t)o (wiligh)n(t)e(altitude)g(all)i(da)o(y)l(,)h(and)f(these)g(columns)g(then)g (con)o(tain)e(information)f(for)-104 787 y(the)j(times)e(at)i(whic)o(h)e(the) h(sun)g(is)g Ff(\006)p Fi(12)h(hours)e(from)h(its)g(lo)o(w)o(er)g(culminati)o (on)o(.)-104 924 y Fg(L)n(o)n(oking)i(at)g(curr)n(ent)f(p)n(ar)n(ameters)h (with)g Fh(l)-8 1047 y Fi(A)o(t)e(this)g(p)q(oin)o(t)f(w)o(e'v)o(e)j(set)f(a) h(fair)e(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)i(parameters.)21 b(While)15 b(man)o(y)g(of)h (the)g(the)g(curren)o(t)e(parameters)-104 1104 y(are)21 b(prin)o(ted)c(in)i (the)h(output)e(from)i Fh(=)p Fi(,)i(others)d(are)h(implicit)o(,)f(and)h(the) f(displa)o(y)f(is)h(cro)o(wded,)j(so)e(they're)g(hard)-104 1161 y(to)h(k)o(eep)g(trac)o(k)f(of.)36 b(Th)o(us)20 b(the)g Fh(l)h Fi(\(`lo)q(ok'\))f(command)g(simply)f(prin)o(ts)f(out)i(a)h (nicely-formatt)o(ed)d(list)h(of)h(input)-104 1219 y(parameters.)g(Its)c (output)d(is)-8 1333 y Fh(Current)25 b(INPUT)h(parameter)f(values:)142 1448 y(DATE:)h(1995)f(Mar)g(22)142 1505 y(TIME:)51 b(4)25 b(50)g(00.0)-8 1562 y(NIGHT_DATE:)51 b(ON)100 b(--)25 b(date)h(applies)f(all)g(evening)h(&)f (next)g(morning.)42 1620 y(UT_INPUT:)51 b(OFF)75 b(--)25 b(input)h(times)f (taken)g(to)h(be)f(local.)67 1677 y(USE_DST:)76 b(0)100 b(--)25 b(Standard)h(time)f(in)g(use)h(all)f(year.)293 1792 y(RA:)50 b(15)25 b(28)g(27.00)268 1849 y(DEC:)50 b(12)25 b(13)g(14.0)67 1906 y(INPUT)h(EPOCH:)100 b(1950.00)-8 1963 y(PROPER)25 b(MOTIONS:)51 b(OFF)-8 2078 y(SITE:)25 b(Kitt)h(Peak)f([MDM)g(Obs.])142 2135 y(E.longit.)h(=)f(-111)g(37.0,)h(latit.)f(=)50 b(31)26 b(57.2)f(\(degrees\)) 142 2193 y(Standard)h(zone)f(=)75 b(7)26 b(hrs)50 b(West)142 2250 y(Elevation)26 b(above)f(horizon)h(=)50 b(700)25 b(m,)g(True)h (elevation)f(=)h(1925)f(m)-8 2387 y Fi(This)12 b(is)g(particularl)o(y)e (useful)h(for)i(k)o(eeping)e(trac)o(k)h(of)h(the)f Fh(g)h Fi(and)f Fh(n)i Fi(commands,)e(whic)o(h)g(cause)g(the)h(in)o(terpreta-)-104 2444 y(tions)g(of)g(time)g(and)g(date)g(to)h Fg(to)n(ggle)g Fi(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(di\013eren)o(t)f(cases.)21 b(Because)13 b(the)h(e\013ect)g(of)g(eac)o(h)f(of)h(these)f(commands)-104 2502 y(dep)q(ends)k(on)g(the)f(status)g(when)h(they)g(are)g(executed,)h(it's) f(helpful)d(to)j(b)q(e)g(able)g(to)g(lo)q(ok)g(at)f(their)g(state)h(without) -104 2559 y(doing)11 b(an)o(ything)f(else.)20 b(Also,)13 b(the)f(site)f (latitude)f(and)i(longitud)o(e)e(are)j(con)o(v)o(erted)e(here)h(to)h(a)f (format)f(whic)o(h)h(exactly)-104 2616 y(matc)o(hes)j(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers) f(in)h(the)g Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)i(A)o(lmanac)g Fi(observ)m(atory)e(list,)f (to)h(mak)o(e)h(it)f(easy)h(to)f(c)o(hec)o(k)h(them.)923 2785 y(12)p eop %%Page: 13 13 bop 294 48 a Fj(1.2)20 b({)f(OTHER)f(CALCULA)-5 b(TOR-MODE)19 b(COMMANDS.)-104 266 y Fg(Quitting)d(the)h(pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am)g({)h Fh(Q)-8 399 y Fi(This)e(stops)f(the)h(program)e(gracefully)l(.)21 b(The)c Fh(Q)g Fi(m)o(ust)e(b)q(e)h(upp)q(er-case)g({)g(this)f(should)f(a)o (v)o(oid)g(acciden)o(ts)h(w)o(ell)-104 456 y(enough.)-104 606 y Fg(Printing)i(a)g(menu)g({)g Fh(?)-8 738 y Fi(This)e(causes)g(the)h(follo)o (win)o(g)d(men)o(u)i(to)g(prin)o(t)e(out.)-8 797 y Fh(Circumstance)26 b(calculator,)g(type)f('=')g(for)g(output.)-8 856 y(Commands)h(are)f(SINGLE)g (\(lower-case!\))h(CHARACTERS)g(as)f(follows:)17 914 y(?)g(..)g(prints)h (this)f(menu;)g(other)h(information)g(options)f(are:)-8 973 y(i,f)g(.)g('i')h(prints)f(brief)g(Instructions)h(and)f(examples,)h('f')f (fast)h(tour)17 1032 y(w)f(..)g(prints)h(info)f(on)g(internal)h(Workings,)f (accuracy)h(&)f(LEGALITIES)-8 1091 y(TO)g(SET)g(PARAMETERS)h(&)f(OPTIONS,)h (use)f(these)g(\(follow)h(the)f(formats!\):)17 1149 y(r)g(..)g(enter)h (object)f(RA,)g(in)h(hr)f(min)g(sec,)50 b(example:)26 b(r)f(3)g(12)g(12.43)17 1208 y(d)g(..)g(enter)h(object)f(Dec)g(in)h(deg)f(min)g(sec,)g(example:)h(d)f (-0)g(18)g(0)17 1267 y(y)g(..)g(enter)h(date,)f(starting)h(with)f(Year)75 b(example:)26 b(y)f(1994)g(10)h(12)-8 1326 y(t,T:)f(t)g(=)h(enter)f(time,)g (e.g.:)h(t)f(22)g(18)g(02)g([see)h('g')f(and)g('n'];)h(T)f(=)g(right)g(now+) 17 1384 y(n)g(..)g(*toggles*)h(whether)f(date)h(is)f(used)g(as)g('evening')h (\(default\))g(or)f(literal)17 1443 y(g)g(..)g(*toggles*)h(whether)f(time)h (is)f(used)g(as)g(Greenwich)h(or)f(local)17 1502 y(e)g(..)g(enter)h(Epoch)f (used)g(to)h(interpret)f(input)h(coords)f(\(default)h(=)f(1950\))17 1561 y(p)g(..)g(enter)h(object)f(Proper)h(motions)f(\(complicated,)h(follow)f (prompts\).)17 1619 y(s)g(..)g(change)h(Site)f(\(again,)h(follow)f (prompts\).)17 1678 y(l)g(..)g(Look)h(at)f(current)g(parameter)h(values)f (\(no)h(computation\).)-8 1737 y(TO)f(CALCULATE)h(AND)f(SEE)g(RESULTS,)h(use) f(these)g(commands:)17 1796 y(=)g(..)g(type)h(out)f(circumstances)h(for)f (specified)h(instant)f(of)g(time,)h(ra,dec)17 1855 y(a)f(..)g(type)h(out)f (night's)g(Almanac)h(for)f(specified)h(\(evening\))f(date)17 1913 y(h)g(..)g(type)h(out)f(Hourly)g(airmass)h(table)f(for)g(specified)h (date,)f(ra,)h(dec)17 1972 y(o)f(..)g(tabulate)h(Observability)g(at)f(2-week) g(intervals)h(\(at)f(full&new)h(moon\))17 2031 y(m)f(..)g(Major)h(planets)f (--)g(print)h(0.1)f(deg)g(positions)h(for)f(specified)h(instant)17 2090 y(x)f(..)g(eXtra)h(goodies!)f(\(galact./eclipt.,)h(var)g(star)f (predicts,)h(precess.\))17 2148 y(Q)f(..)g(QUIT)h(..)f(STOPS)g(PROGRAM.)h (--->)-8 2298 y Fi(I'v)o(e)21 b(found)e(in)h(testing)e(that)i(this)f(men)o(u) g(is)h(go)q(o)q(d)h(for)f(remindin)o(g)e(adv)m(anced)i(users)g(of)g (commands,)h(but)-104 2355 y(p)q(o)q(or)c(for)f(teac)o(hing)e(new)j(users)f (ho)o(w)g(to)h(run)e(the)h(program.)23 b(Hence)16 b(it)g(is)g(not)f(men)o (tioned)f(in)i(the)g(in)o(tro)q(ductor)o(y)-104 2412 y(banners,)f(but)f (rather)h(the)g(user)g(is)g(referred)g(to)g(the)h(fast)e(guided)g(tour,)h(in) o(v)o(ok)o(ed)f(with)g Fh(f)p Fi(.)923 2785 y(13)p eop %%Page: 14 14 bop -104 48 a Fg(A)18 b(wor)n(d)f(ab)n(out)g(`extr)n(a)g(go)n(o)n(dies')f({)i Fh(x)-8 164 y Fi(Y)l(ou'll)e(notice)h(an)h Fh(extra)25 b(goodies)19 b Fi(option)d(on)h(the)h(main)e(men)o(u.)27 b(This)18 b(option)e(hides)g (some)i(commands)-104 221 y(whic)o(h)c(are)g(unlik)o(ely)d(to)j(see)g(m)o(uc) o(h)f(use,)i(and)e(also)g(some)h(more)g(complex)f(commands)g(whic)o(h)g(I)i (though)o(t)c(it)i(wisest)-104 278 y(to)21 b(hide)f(from)g(no)o(vices.)37 b(Putting)19 b(them)h(here)h(k)o(eeps)g(the)g(main)e(men)o(u)h(short)g (enough)g(to)h(\014t)f(in)o(to)f(a)j(24-line)-104 335 y(displa)o(y)l(.)30 b(If)20 b(y)o(ou)f(t)o(yp)q(e)g Fh(x?)33 b Fi(y)o(ou'll)18 b(get)h(a)h(summary)e(whic)o(h)g(describ)q(es)h(these)g(selections.)30 b(The)20 b(extra)f(go)q(o)q(dies)-104 393 y(command)14 b(lev)o(el)g(do)q(es)h (not)f(lo)q(op,)g(but)g(drops)f(y)o(ou)i(immediately)d(bac)o(k)i(in)o(to)f (the)i(main)e(men)o(u)h(whatev)o(er)h(y)o(ou)f(do,)-104 450 y(so)i(y)o(ou)f(will)f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(to)f(pre\014x)g(an)o(y)g(new)h(extra)g (go)q(o)q(dies)f(command)f(with)h(another)f Fh(x)p Fi(.)-104 578 y Fg(Setting)j(the)g(time)f(to)i(now)f({)g Fh(T)-8 694 y Fi(An)h(UPPER)j(CASE)e(T)h(sets)e Fg(b)n(oth)i Fi(the)e(time)g(and)g(the)g (date)h(using)e(y)o(our)h(mac)o(hine's)f(system)i(clo)q(c)o(k.)30 b(\(As)-104 751 y(noted)18 b(earlier,)h(this)e(option)g(ma)o(y)i(b)q(e)g (switc)o(hed)e(o\013)i(at)g(compile)e(time)h(if)g(there)g(is)h(some)f (problem)g(with)f(this.\))-104 808 y(There's)e(an)e(in)o(terestin)o(g)e(t)o (wist)h(here:)20 b(y)o(ou)13 b(are)h(prompted)e Fh(Set)25 b(how)g(many)h (minutes)f(into)g(the)h(future?)50 b(:)p Fi(.)-104 866 y(Answ)o(ering)15 b Fh(0)i Fi(sets)g(the)f(time)g(and)g(date)g(to)g(righ)o(t)f(no)o(w;)i(an)o (y)f(other)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(sets)h(the)h(time)e(and)h(date)g(in)o(to)f (the)-104 923 y(future)h(\(or)h(past)f(for)h(negativ)o(e)f(n)o(um)o(b)q (ers\).)24 b(This)17 b(lets)f(y)o(ou)h(quic)o(kly)f(answ)o(er)h(questions)f (suc)o(h)g(as)h(`Can)h(I)g(get)f(to)-104 980 y(this)e(ob)s(ject)f(half)g(an)i (hour)e(from)h(no)o(w)g(when)h(I'v)o(e)h(\014nished)c(with)i(exp)q(osure)g (I'm)h(w)o(orking)f(on?'.)-8 1084 y(The)f(in)o(ternal)c(actions)i(of)h(this)f (option)g(are)h(mo)q(di\014ed)f(b)o(y)h(the)g Fh(g)h Fi(and)f Fh(n)h Fi(options)d(\(see)j(b)q(elo)o(w\).)19 b(The)14 b(program)-104 1141 y(should)h(do)i(the)f(righ)o(t)f(thing)f(and)i(set)h(the)f(date)g(and)g (time)g(to)h(re\015ect)f(the)h(presen)o(t)e(\(with)g(whatev)o(er)i(o\013set)f (y)o(ou)-104 1198 y(sp)q(ecify\))f(as)h(expressed)f Fg(in)h(the)i(pr)n (evailing)f(time)f(and)i(date)g(c)n(onvention.)-8 1302 y Fi(Note)f(that)f (this)g(option)f(do)q(es)j Fg(not)g Fi(cause)f(the)g(time)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(con) o(tin)o(ual)o(ly)e(up)q(dated;)h(the)h(v)m(alue)h(of)f(the)g(time)-104 1359 y(set)f(b)o(y)f Fh(T)h Fi(remains)e(in)h(e\013ect)h(un)o(til)d(y)o(ou)i (set)g(the)h(time)e(to)i(some)f(other)g(v)m(alue.)-104 1487 y Fg(Changing)j(the)f(Site)f(with)h(the)g(c)n(ommand)h Fh(s)-8 1603 y Fi(Y)l(ou)e(can)g(c)o(hange)f(sites)g(b)o(y)h(t)o(yping)e(the)h (letter)g Fh(s)h Fi(and)g(answ)o(ering)e(the)i(prompts.)k(When)c(y)o(ou)g(do) f(this,)g(y)o(ou)-104 1660 y(will)j(b)q(e)h(giv)o(en)e(a)i(men)o(u)f(of)g (single-c)o(haracter)e(site)i(co)q(des)h(from)f(whic)o(h)f(to)i(c)o(ho)q (ose,)g(just)f(as)g(when)h(y)o(ou)f(started)-104 1718 y(the)j(program.)35 b(Y)l(our)19 b(lo)q(cal)h(v)o(ersion)f(of)i(the)f(program)f(should)f(b)q(e)j (customized)e(to)i(o\013er)f(the)g(most)g(common)-104 1775 y(c)o(hoices)e(for)g(y)o(our)f(institut)o(ion)o(.)27 b(T)l(o)19 b(c)o(ho)q(ose)f(a)g(site,)h(just)e(t)o(yp)q(e)h(the)g(letter)f(\(b)q(e)h (sure)g(to)g(use)h(the)f(correct)g(lo)o(w)o(er)-104 1832 y(or)f(upp)q(er)f (case\))h(and)f(hit)f(carriage)h(return.)24 b(Y)l(ou)16 b(can)h(also)f(sp)q (ecify)g(a)h(site)f(not)g(on)h(the)f(men)o(u)g(b)o(y)g(t)o(yping)f Fh(n)i Fi(\(or)-104 1890 y(the)f(appropriate)d(c)o(haracter)i(in)g(y)o(our)g (customized)g(v)o(ersion\).)20 b(If)d(y)o(ou)e(select)h(one)g(of)g(the)f (`canned')h(sites,)f(all)g(the)-104 1947 y(parameters)d(\(latitud)o(e,)g (longitud)o(e,)g(time)g(zone)i(info,)e(etc.\))20 b(will)12 b(b)q(e)i(c)o(hanged)e(to)h(their)f(standard)e(v)m(alues)j(for)g(that)-104 2004 y(site.)-8 2108 y(If)h(y)o(ou)g(w)o(an)o(t)f(a)h(site)f(whic)o(h)g(is)g (not)g(on)h(the)g(men)o(u,)f(y)o(ou'll)f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(to)g(giv)o(e)f(all)g (its)g(parameters.)19 b(Otherwise)13 b(one)-104 2165 y(w)o(ould)h(risk)h(of)g (c)o(hanging)e(the)i(parameters)f(piecemeal)g(and)h(ha)o(ving)e(some)i (parameters)f(whic)o(h)g(are)i(appropriat)o(e)-104 2223 y(to)e(the)f(site)f (and)h(others)f(whic)o(h)g(are)i(not.)19 b(Y)l(ou'll)12 b(need)h(to)g(kno)o (w)h(the)f(latitud)o(e)e(of)i(y)o(our)g(site)f(in)h(degrees,)h(min)o(utes,) -104 2280 y(and)i(seconds,)g(and)g(the)g Fg(west)g Fi(longitu)o(de)e(in)h Fg(hours)p Fi(,)j(min)o(utes,)c(and)i(seconds.)22 b(\(Lik)o(e)16 b(Jean)g(Meeus,)g(I)h(dislik)o(e)d(the)-104 2337 y(`east)i(longitude')d(con)o (v)o(en)o(tion\).)19 b(Y)l(ou'll)14 b(also)h(need)h(the)g(time)f(zone)h(in)f (hours)f(w)o(est)i(of)g(Green)o(wic)o(h)f(\()p Fg(e.g.)p Fi(,)g(P)o(aci\014c) -104 2394 y(is)e(8\).)20 b(Y)l(ou)12 b(can)h(sp)q(ecify)g(Eastern)f (hemisphere)f(sites)h(b)o(y)h(giving)e(negativ)o(e)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(for)h (the)h(longitu)o(de)d(and)j(time)-104 2452 y(zone.)22 b(Y)l(ou'll)13 b(also)i(b)q(e)h(prompted)d(for)i(the)g(site's)f(elev)m(ation)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o (e)h(sea)h(lev)o(el,)f(whic)o(h)f(a\013ects)h(certain)f(quan)o(titi)o(es)-104 2509 y(v)o(ery)g(sligh)o(tly)l(,)e(and)g(its)h(elev)m(ation)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e) i(its)e(horizon,)h(whic)o(h)f(is)h(used)g(only)g(to)h(adjust)e(rising)f(and)i (setting)f(times.)-8 2613 y(The)20 b(last)f(parameter)f(prompted)g(for)h(is)h (whether)f Fg(daylight)j(savings)e(time)f Fi(is)g(to)h(b)q(e)g(used)f(in)g (con)o(v)o(erting)-104 2670 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)c(lo)q(cal)g(and)f(UT.)i (There)g(are)f(sev)o(eral)f(options)f(giv)o(en)i(here.)21 b(T)o(yping)14 b Fh(0)h Fi(ignores)f(da)o(yligh)o(t)e(time.)20 b(T)o(yping)923 2785 y(14)p eop %%Page: 15 15 bop -104 48 a Fh(1)18 b Fi(in)o(v)o(ok)o(es)d(the)i(con)o(v)o(en)o(tions)d (in)i(use)g(in)h(the)f(United)f(States;)i(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa)o(vings)h (starts)h(on)g(the)h(\014rst)f(Sunda)o(y)f(in)-104 105 y(April)d(and)h(ends)h (on)f(the)h(last)e(Sunda)o(y)g(in)h(Octob)q(er)h(from)f(1986)h(on,)g(and)f (from)g(the)h(last)e(Sunda)o(y)g(in)h(April)f(b)q(efore)-104 162 y(that.)21 b(\(This)15 b(ignores)f(v)m(arious)h(wrinkles)g(during)e(w)o (ars,)j(energy)g(crises,)f(etc.\).)22 b(T)o(yping)15 b(2)h(gets)g(y)o(ou)f (the)g(Spanish)-104 220 y(\(Con)o(tinen)o(tal)o(?\))i(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)o (,)12 b(with)g(da)o(yligh)o(t)e(sa)o(vings)h(from)i(the)f(last)g(Sunda)o(y)f (in)i(Marc)o(h)f(to)h(the)f(last)g(Sunda)o(y)g(in)-104 277 y(Septem)o(b)q(er.)20 b(Negativ)o(e)14 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(are)j(used)e(for) h(southern)e(sites;)h(t)o(yping)f Fh(-1)j Fi(gets)f(y)o(ou)f(the)h(Chilean)f (con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)-104 334 y(\(o\013)d(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa)o(vings)i(the)h (second)f(Sunda)o(y)g(in)g(Marc)o(h,)h(bac)o(k)g(on)g(the)g(2nd)g(Sunda)o(y)e (in)h(Octob)q(er\),)i(and)f Fh(-2)g Fi(gets)g(the)-104 391 y(Australian)g(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)o(.)18 b(Implemen)o(ting)10 b(other)j(prescription)o(s)e(w)o(ould)h(require)h(straigh)o(tf)o(orw)o(ard)d (mo)q(di\014cations)-104 449 y(to)17 b(the)g(source)f(co)q(de.)26 b(The)17 b(presen)o(tly)e(a)o(v)m(ailable)g(prescriptio)o(ns)f(all)i(assume)g (that)g(the)g(time)g(c)o(hanges)g(at)h(2)g(AM)-104 506 y(as)f(rec)o(k)o(oned) f(in)g(the)g(time)f(preceding)g(the)i(c)o(hange,)f(as)g(is)g(standard)f(in)g (the)i(US.)-8 624 y(Naturally)l(,)11 b(y)o(ou)h(should)e(b)q(e)j(sure)e(that) h(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(the)h(correct)h(parameters)e(for)g(y)o(our)h(site.)19 b(The)13 b Fh(l)g Fi(command)-104 681 y(la)o(ys)i(out)g(the)g(site)g (parameters)f(neatly)h(for)g(y)o(our)g(insp)q(ection,)e(and)i(man)o(y)g(are)h (ec)o(ho)q(ed)f(with)g(other)f(output.)-104 836 y Fg(UT)k(time)f(input)f(and) i(`night)e(dates')h({)h Fh(g)f Fg(and)h Fh(n)-8 973 y Fi(T)o(yping)d(the)i (letters)e Fh(g)i Fi(or)g Fh(n)g Fi(switc)o(hes)e(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(v)m (arious)e(options)g(for)h(the)g(in)o(terpretat)o(ion)d(of)j(input)f(times) -104 1030 y(and)g(dates.)-8 1148 y(The)d Fh(g)f Fi(command)f(switc)o(hes)g(b) q(et)o(w)o(een)h(input)e(in)h(UT)i(and)e(in)h(lo)q(cal)f(time.)19 b(The)11 b(program)f(w)o(ak)o(es)i(up)e(assuming)-104 1205 y(that)k(dates)g(and)f(times)h(are)g(input)e(in)i(lo)q(cal)f(time;)i(t)o (yping)d Fh(g)j Fi(mak)o(es)f(the)g(program)f(assume)h(that)f(the)h(input)e (date)-104 1263 y(and)h(time)g(are)h(in)f(UT;)h(a)g(little)d(message)j(is)f (prin)o(ted)e(telling)g(y)o(ou)i(this.)19 b(T)o(yping)13 b Fh(g)h Fi(again)e(switc)o(hes)h(bac)o(k)g(to)g(lo)q(cal,)-104 1320 y(and)h(so)g(on.)21 b(Whic)o(hev)o(er)12 b(time)i(is)f(assumed)h(for)f (the)h(input)e(is)i(prin)o(ted)d(\014rst)i(on)h(output.)19 b(Notice)13 b(that,)h(when)g(y)o(ou)-104 1377 y(t)o(yp)q(e)i Fh(g)p Fi(,)h(the)e Fg(curr)n(ent)h(time)h(changes)p Fi(;)g(the)e(input)f (time)h(and)g(date)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(their)g(same)h(n)o(umerical)d Fg(values)p Fi(,)j(but)f(are)-104 1435 y(no)o(w)h(in)o(terpreted)d (di\013eren)o(tl)o(y!)19 b(A)d(message)f(is)g(prin)o(ted)e(to)i(remind)f(y)o (ou)i(of)f(this.)-8 1552 y(Similarl)o(y)l(,)i(the)h(program)f(a)o(w)o(ak)o (ens)h(assuming)e(that)h(the)h(date)g(y)o(ou)g(sp)q(ecify)g(is)g(to)g(b)q(e)h (in)o(terpreted)d(as)i(the)-104 1610 y Fg(evening)23 b Fi(date)17 b(for)h(the)g(en)o(tire)f(nigh)o(t)f(\(this)h(is)g(the)h(`nigh)o(t)f(date')h (condition\))o(.)27 b(F)l(or)18 b(example,)h(if)f(y)o(ou)g(prin)o(t)e(out) -104 1667 y(an)i(almanac)f(for)h(the)g Fg(night)k Fi(of)c(Octob)q(er)g(20,)h (and)f(then)f(sp)q(ecify)g(a)i(time)e(after)g(midnigh)o(t)e(\(2)j(30)g(00,)h (sa)o(y\))f(and)-104 1724 y(t)o(yp)q(e)f Fh(=)p Fi(,)h(the)e(circumstances)f (prin)o(ted)f(are)j(those)f(applying)e(on)j(the)f Fg(morning)h Fi(of)g(Octob)q(er)f(21.)25 b(The)17 b(reason)f(for)-104 1782 y(doing)e(this)f(is)h(to)h(main)o(tai)o(n)d(some)j(paralleli)o(sm)d(with)i (the)g(almanac,)g(whic)o(h)g(prin)o(ts)e(the)i(phenomena)g(for)g(a)h(giv)o (en)-104 1839 y(nigh)o(t.)30 b(T)o(yping)17 b Fh(n)j Fi(once)f(switc)o(hes)f (this)f(option)g(o\013,)k(so)e(the)f(curren)o(t)g(date)g(is)h(in)o(terpreted) d(literall)o(y;)i(t)o(yping)f Fh(n)-104 1896 y Fi(again)e(switc)o(hes)f(it)h (bac)o(k)g(on)g(\(unless)e(y)o(ou)i(are)h(in)e(UT)i(mo)q(de\),)g(and)e(so)i (on.)21 b(This)14 b(ma)o(y)i(seem)g(confusing)c(at)k(\014rst,)-104 1953 y(but)j(it)g(should)e(b)q(e)j(less)f(confusing)e(than)h(the)h (alternativ)o(e.)30 b(It)20 b(is)e(at)i(least)e(alw)o(a)o(ys)h(p)q(ossible)e (to)i(in)o(terpret)e(the)-104 2011 y(output)e(unam)o(biguou)o(sl)o(y;)h(the)h (times)f(and)g(dates)h(prin)o(ted)d(there)j(are)g(generated)f(in)o(ternall)o (y)e(directly)i(from)g(the)-104 2068 y(JD,)h(so)e(they)h(should)d(alw)o(a)o (ys)i(b)q(e)h(reliable.)-8 2186 y(The)k Fh(g)h Fi(and)e Fh(n)h Fi(commands)e(in)o(teract.)32 b(Going)19 b(to)h(UT)g(input)e(automatical)o(l) o(y)g(turns)g(o\013)i(the)f(`nigh)o(t)f(date')-104 2243 y(option,)13 b(since)h(UT)g(dates)g(should)e(alw)o(a)o(ys)h(b)q(e)h(in)o(terpreted)d (literally)l(.)18 b(Y)l(ou)c(are)g(also)f(prev)o(en)o(ted)f(from)i(turning)d (on)-104 2300 y(the)16 b(nigh)o(t)d(date)i(condition)e(when)i(UT)h(input)e (is)h(in)f(e\013ect.)923 2785 y(15)p eop %%Page: 16 16 bop -104 48 a Fg(Co)n(or)n(dinate)18 b(ep)n(o)n(ch)f({)h(the)f Fh(e)g Fg(c)n(ommand,)g(and)h Fh(xb)f Fg(b)n(atch)h(pr)n(e)n(c)n(esssion)-8 178 y Fi(This)f(is)f(prett)o(y)g(simple;)h(t)o(yping)e Fh(e)i Fi(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o(y)i(an)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)g(sets)g(the)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o (h)g(for)g(y)o(our)g(input)d(co)q(ordinates.)-104 236 y(Setting)d(this)g (option)f(do)q(es)i(not)g(in)g(itself)e(cause)i(an)o(y)g(actual)f(co)q (ordinates)g(to)h(b)q(e)h(transformed,)d(but)i(rather)f(a\013ects)-104 293 y(the)i Fg(interpr)n(etation)g Fi(of)f(the)g(input)f(co)q(ordinates)g (when)i(computation)o(s)d(are)j(done.)20 b(The)13 b Fh(=)g Fi(and)f Fh(h)i Fi(commands)d(\(and)-104 350 y(others\))h(do)h(these)g (computations)o(,)f(and)g(sho)o(w)h(b)q(oth)f(the)h(input)e(co)q(ordinates)g (and)i(the)f(co)q(ordinates)g(in)g(the)h(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)-104 408 y(of)j(date.)-8 521 y(There)d(is)f(a)h(command)f(hidden)f(in)h(the)g Fh(eXtra)25 b(goodies)14 b Fi(men)o(u,)f Fh(xb)p Fi(,)h(whic)o(h)d (transforms)g(a)i(batc)o(h)e(of)i(co)q(ordi-)-104 579 y(nates)g(from)f(one)g (ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)h(to)g(another.)19 b(This)12 b(prompts)f(for)h(input)e(and)i (output)f(ep)q(o)q(c)o(hs,)j(and)e(then)f(for)i(co)q(ordinates)-104 636 y(in)i(the)g(usual)e(format.)20 b(It)15 b(k)o(eeps)g(going)f(un)o(til)f (y)o(ou)h(giv)o(e)h(it)f(a)i(negativ)o(e)e(RA)h(\(suc)o(h)f(as)h Fh(-1)25 b(0)h(0)p Fi(\).)21 b(The)15 b(batc)o(h)f(pre-)-104 693 y(cession)h(is)g(isolated)e(from)i(the)h(rest)f(of)g(the)g(program)g({)g (it)g(do)q(es)h(not)f(a\013ect)g(an)o(y)g(parameter)g(v)m(alues.)-8 807 y(The)22 b(accuracy)g(of)g(the)f(precession)f(calculations)f(is)i (discussed)f(later;)k(note)d(that)f(a)i(completely)e(k)o(osher)-104 864 y(transformatio)o(n)12 b(from)j(B1950)g(to)g(J2000)f(includes)f (adjustmen)o(ts)f(to)j(the)g(prop)q(er)f(motions)f(\(since)h(the)h(reference) -104 922 y(frame)h(w)o(as)f(re\014ned\),)g(and)g(the)g(curren)o(t)f(program)g (do)q(es)i(not)f(do)g(this.)-104 1069 y Fg(Pr)n(op)n(er)j(motions)f(...)k (the)c Fh(p)g Fg(c)n(ommand.)-8 1200 y Fi(If)d(y)o(ou)g(t)o(yp)q(e)f Fh(p)i Fi(y)o(ou)e(will)g(b)q(e)h(prompted)e(for)i(ann)o(ual)d(prop)q(er)i (motions)f(of)i(the)g(ob)s(ject;)f(answ)o(er)h(the)f(prompts.)-104 1257 y(The)i(sp)q(eci\014cation)c(of)j(prop)q(er)e(motion)g(is)i(complicated) d(b)q(ecause)j(there)f(are)h(\(at)f(least!\))19 b(t)o(w)o(o)13 b(con)o(v)o(en)o(tions)e(in)i(use)-104 1314 y(for)j(the)g(units)e(of)i(the)g (prop)q(er)f(motion)f(in)h(RA.)i(One)f(is)g(the)g(ann)o(ual)d(c)o(hange)j(of) g(the)f(RA)i(itself,)d(generally)h(giv)o(en)-104 1372 y(in)i(seconds)h(of)f (time)g(p)q(er)h(y)o(ear;)h(this)e(is)g(used)g(in)g(the)h(SA)o(O)f(Catalog.) 27 b(The)19 b(other)e(is)g(the)g(east-w)o(est)h(motion)e(in)-104 1429 y(seconds)i(of)f(arc)h(on)f(the)h(sky)l(,)h(whic)o(h)d(is)h(the)h (\014rst)e(times)h(15)8 b(cos)g Fe(\016)r Fi(.)28 b(The)18 b(program)e(will)g(accept)i(input)e(of)h(either)-104 1486 y(t)o(yp)q(e;)i(if) e(y)o(ou)g(giv)o(e)g(seconds)g(of)g(time)f(p)q(er)i(ann)o(um,)e(y)o(ou)h(m)o (ust)g(follo)o(w)e(y)o(our)i(v)m(alue)g(with)g(an)g Fh(s)p Fi(,)i(and)e(if)f(y)o(ou)h(giv)o(e)-104 1544 y(seconds)h(of)g(arc)g(y)o(ou)f (m)o(ust)g(giv)o(e)h(an)g Fh(a)p Fi(.)28 b(The)19 b(v)m(alue)f(is)f(con)o(v)o (erted)g(and)g(passed)g(in)o(ternall)o(y)f(in)h(the)h(\014rst)f(\(time\))-104 1601 y(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion.)i(Declination)13 b(prop)q(er)h(motions)g(m)o(ust) g(alw)o(a)o(ys)h(b)q(e)h(en)o(tered)f(as)g(arcsec)h(p)q(er)g(ann)o(um.)-8 1715 y(If)g(either)e(of)h(the)h(prop)q(er)e(motions)g(are)i(nonzero,)f(the)g (output)f(of)h Fh(=)h Fi(will)e(displa)o(y)-56 1829 y({)24 b(the)15 b(original)e(co)q(ordinates)g(in)i(the)g(standard)f(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)h (and)g(equino)o(x)-56 1943 y({)24 b(the)15 b(co)q(ordinates)f(up)q(dated)g (for)h(prop)q(er)g(motion)e(only)i(\(curren)o(t)f Fg(ep)n(o)n(ch)p Fi(,)i(but)f(standard)e Fg(e)n(quinox!)6 b Fi(\))-56 2056 y({)24 b(the)15 b(co)q(ordinates)f(up)q(dated)g(for)h(prop)q(er)g(motion)e Fg(and)k Fi(precession)d(\(curren)o(t)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)h Fg(and)i Fi(curren)o(t)d(equino)o(x\).)-8 2170 y(as)e(w)o(ell)g(as)g(the)g(prop)q(er)g (motions)e(used.)20 b(The)13 b(reason)e(for)h(doing)f(this)g(is)g(that)h (with)f(most)h(mo)q(dern)f(telescop)q(es)-104 2228 y(the)16 b(co)q(ordinate)d(readout)i(can)g(b)q(e)h(set)f(to)h(a)f(standard)f(equino)o (x,)g(but)h(the)g(actual)f(sky)i(is)f(\(of)g(course!\))20 b(alw)o(a)o(ys)15 b(in)-104 2285 y(the)f(presen)o(t)e(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h,)j(regardless)d(of)h(what) h(co)q(ordinates)e(y)o(ou)h(apply)f(to)i(it.)19 b(So)14 b(it's)f(useful)f(at) h(times)g(to)h(displa)o(yi)o(ng)-104 2342 y(the)h(up)q(dated)e(p)q(osition)g (without)g(c)o(hanging)f(the)j(equino)o(x.)k(Note)c(that)f(the)g(prop)q(er)g (motions)f(are)i(not)f(computed)-104 2399 y(with)19 b(p)q(erfect)f(rigor;)i (the)f(curren)o(t)e(RA)i(is)g(just)f(the)g(old)g(RA)i(plus)d Fe(\026)p Fi(\001)p Fe(t)p Fi(,)j(and)e(similarly)e(for)j(the)f(dec.)32 b(This)18 b(is)-104 2457 y(inaccurate)c(v)o(ery)i(close)g(to)f(the)g(p)q(ole) g(or)h(o)o(v)o(er)f(v)o(ery)h(long)e(in)o(terv)m(als)g(of)h(time.)923 2785 y(16)p eop %%Page: 17 17 bop -104 48 a Fg(The)18 b Fh(xc)f Fg(c)n(ommand)h({)f(c)n(o)n(or)n(dinate)g (c)n(onversions.)-8 182 y Fi(T)o(yping)c Fh(xc)i Fi(causes)f(the)h(galactic)e (and)g(ecliptic)g(co)q(ordinates)f(to)i(b)q(e)h(prin)o(ted.)j(\(As)c(of)g (this)f(writing,)g(there)h(is)-104 239 y(also)h(a)g Fh(c)g Fi(at)g(the)g(main)f(program)f(lev)o(el)i(whic)o(h)f(still)e(do)q(es)j(this,) f(but)g(it's)h(not)f(adv)o(ertised)f(on)i(the)f(main)g(men)o(u,)h(in)-104 297 y(order)i(to)h(k)o(eep)f(the)h(main)e(men)o(u)h(to)g(24)h(lines\).)25 b(The)18 b(galactic)e(co)q(ordinate)g(algorithm)e(complies)i(strictly)g(with) -104 354 y(the)g(IA)o(U)h(de\014nitio)o(n,)d(whic)o(h)h(is)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)f (in)h(1950)g(co)q(ordinates.)22 b(If)16 b(the)g(input)e(co)q(ordinates)h(are) h(in)f(a)i(di\013eren)o(t)-104 411 y(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h,)22 b(they)f(are)f (precessed)g(in)o(ternall)o(y)e(to)i(1950)g(b)q(efore)h(b)q(eing)e(con)o(v)o (erted)g(to)h(galactic.)35 b(Both)19 b(con)o(v)o(ersions)-104 468 y(w)o(ork)d(correctly)f(o)o(v)o(er)g(the)h(en)o(tire)e(sky)l(.)21 b(The)c(in)o(v)o(erse)d(con)o(v)o(ersions)f(are)j(not)f(implemen)o(t)o(ed.) -104 621 y Fg(The)j Fh(xj)f Fg(c)n(ommand)h({)f(c)n(alculate)h(c)n(alendar)g (dates)f(fr)n(om)g(Julian)g(dates.)-8 755 y Fi(The)f(main)e(program)g(con)o (v)o(erts)g(calendar)g(to)h(julian)e(dates)h(in)o(ternall)o(y)l(,)f(and)i (prin)o(ts)d(out)j(julian)e(dates)h(with,)-104 812 y(among)19 b(others,)f(the)h Fh(=)g Fi(command.)30 b(It's)19 b(sometimes)e(useful)g(to)i (ha)o(v)o(e)f(the)g(in)o(v)o(erse,)h(whic)o(h)e(con)o(v)o(erts)h(julian)e(to) -104 869 y(calendar,)21 b(and)f(the)g(`extra)h(go)q(o)q(dies')f(command)f Fh(xj)i Fi(do)q(es)g(this)e(calculation)o(.)34 b(The)21 b(command)e(lo)q(ops) h(un)o(til)e(a)-104 927 y(negativ)o(e)13 b(julian)e(date)i(is)g(giv)o(en.)20 b(The)14 b(routine)e(exp)q(ects)i(all)e(the)h(leading)f(digits)f(of)j(the)f (julian)e(date.)20 b(If)14 b(the)f(input)-104 984 y(is)18 b(a)g(true)f (julian)e(date,)j(the)f(output)f(is)h(a)h(UT)g(date.)27 b(The)18 b(date)f(in)g(the)g(main)g(program)f(is)h(una\013ected)g(b)o(y)g(this)-104 1041 y(command)e(\(see)h Fh(xJ)g Fi(b)q(elo)o(w\).)-104 1193 y Fg(The)i Fh(xJ)f Fg(c)n(ommand)h({)f(Set)g(to)h(a)f(Julian)g(date.)-8 1328 y Fi(Again,)h(this)f(con)o(v)o(erts)g(Julian)f(to)i(calendar)f(dates,)h (but)g Fg(it)h(also)h(r)n(esets)e(the)i(date)g(and)g(time)g(in)f(the)h(main) -104 1385 y(pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am)g Fi(to)e(the)h(appropriat)o(e)e(v)m(alues.)30 b(An)19 b(upp)q(er-case)f Fh(J)h Fi(is)f(used)h(b)q(ecause)f(t)o(w)o(o)h (quan)o(titi)o(es)e(are)h(reset.)31 b(The)-104 1442 y(routine)19 b(tak)o(es)g(in)o(to)g(accoun)o(t)g(the)g(curren)o(t)g(input)f(con)o(v)o(en)o (tion)o(s)g(\(toggled)g(b)o(y)i Fh(g)g Fi(and)g Fh(n)p Fi(\),)h(so)f(the)g (Julian)d(date)-104 1499 y(computed)h(b)o(y)g(immediately)f(t)o(yping)f Fh(=)k Fi(should)c(repro)q(duce)i(the)h(Julian)d(date)i(y)o(ou)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f (sp)q(eci\014ed.)30 b([There)19 b(is)-104 1557 y(one)h(almost)f(una)o(v)o (oidab)o(l)o(e)f Fj(bug)p Fi(;)24 b(if)19 b(da)o(yligh)o(t)e(sa)o(vings)h (time)h(is)g(used,)i(then)e(during)e(the)j(double-v)m(alued)d(hour)-104 1614 y(when)e(da)o(yligh)o(t)c(sa)o(vings)h(time)i(switc)o(hes)f(bac)o(k)h (to)g(standard)e(time,)i(the)g(program)f(in)o(terprets)e(the)j(input)e(time)h (b)o(y)-104 1671 y(default)g(as)i(standard)e(time;)i(a)g(JD)g(during)e(the)i (\014nal)e(hour)h(of)h(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(time)i(will)f(create)i(a)h(time)e (whic)o(h)g(will)f(b)q(e)-104 1729 y(in)o(terpreted)j(later)h(as)h(standard.) 26 b(A)18 b(prominen)o(t)d(w)o(arning)h(is)i(prin)o(ted)d(in)i(this)g(rare)h (case.])29 b(Input)17 b(outside)f(the)-104 1786 y(calendrical)e(limits)g (\(1901)i({)h(2099\))f(is)g(rejected.)23 b(Unlik)o(e)15 b(the)h (calculator-li)o(k)o(e)e(command)h Fh(xj)p Fi(,)j(this)d(one)h(do)q(esn't) -104 1843 y(lo)q(op.)-104 1995 y Fh(xd)i Fg({)f(Show)h(the)f(value)g(of)g Fi(TDT)12 b Ff(\000)f Fi(UT)p Fg(.)-8 2130 y Fi(It's)18 b(o)q(ccasionally)e (useful)g(to)i(kno)o(w)g(the)g(di\013erence)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(UT)i (\(based)e(on)h(the)f(earth's)g(rotation\))f(and)-104 2187 y(TDT)22 b(\(a)e(uniform)d(timescale)i({)h(see)g(the)g(Algorithm)o(s)e(and)h (Accuracy)h(section)e(for)i(a)g(more)g(complete)f(expla-)-104 2244 y(nation\).)24 b(This)17 b(computes)f(an)h(appro)o(ximate)d(v)m(alue)j (of)g(this)f(quan)o(tit)o(y)f(for)h(the)h(curren)o(tly)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)i (date.)25 b(The)-104 2301 y(appro)o(ximatio)o(ns)12 b(used)i(should)f(b)q(e)j (go)q(o)q(d)f(to)f(b)q(etter)h(than)e(a)i(second)g(from)f(1900)h(to)g(1994,)g (and)f(get)h(increasingl)o(y)-104 2359 y(more)h(uncertain)d(in)i(the)g (future)f(\(b)q(ecause)h(of)h(the)f(unpredictab)o(il)o(i)o(t)n(y)f(of)h(the)g (earth's)g(rotation\).)923 2785 y(17)p eop %%Page: 18 18 bop -104 48 a Fg(The)18 b Fh(m)f Fg(c)n(ommand)h(-)f(print)g(a)h(table)f(of)g (the)g(major)h(planets)-8 180 y Fi(As)j(one)h(migh)o(t)d(exp)q(ect,)24 b(this)c(prin)o(ts)e(a)k(table)e(of)h(the)g(RA,)h(dec,)i(hour)c(angle,)i (secan)o(t)f Fe(z)r Fi(,)i(altitude,)e(and)-104 237 y(azim)o(uth)13 b(of)i(eac)o(h)g(of)g(the)g(ma)s(jor)f(planets,)f(as)j(w)o(ell)e(as)h(the)g (sun)f(and)h(mo)q(on.)20 b(The)c(planetary)d(p)q(ositions)f(are)k(only)-104 294 y(mo)q(destly)d(precise;)h(their)e(p)q(edigree)h(and)f(accuracy)i(are)g (explained)d(later.)20 b(The)14 b(sun)f(and)f(mo)q(on)i(calculatio)o(ns)d (are)-104 352 y(useful)16 b(for)g(\014nding)e(their)i(p)q(ositions)e(for)i (times)g(when)h(they)f(are)h(b)q(elo)o(w)g(the)f(horizon)f(\(or)i(past)f(t)o (wiligh)n(t)e(for)i(the)-104 409 y(sun\),)f(and)g(w)o(ould)f(therefore)h(not) g(b)q(e)h(prin)o(ted)c(with)j(the)g Fh(=)h Fi(command.)k(The)c(output)e(is)h (as)h(follo)o(ws:)-8 526 y Fh(W)25 b(Long)g(\(hms\):)51 b(7)25 b(26)g(28.0,)h(lat)f(\(dms\):)g(31)g(57)h(12,)f(std)g(time)g(zone)76 b(7)25 b(hr)g(W)-8 644 y(Local)g(Date)h(and)f(time:)g(Thu,)h(1995)f(Mar)g (23,)g(time)76 b(4)25 b(50)g(00.0)51 b(MST)67 702 y(UT)25 b(Date)h(and)f (time:)g(Thu,)h(1995)f(Mar)g(23,)g(time)51 b(11)25 b(50)g(00.0)-8 761 y(Julian)g(date:)h(2449799.993056)76 b(LMST:)50 b(16)25 b(25)h(31.8)-8 879 y(Planetary)g(positions)f(\(epoch)h(of)f(date\),)g (accuracy)h(about)f(0.1)g(deg:)318 996 y(RA)175 b(dec)h(HA)g(sec.z)125 b(alt)76 b(az)-8 1114 y(Sun)100 b(:)76 b(0)25 b(08.7)125 b(0)25 b(57)101 b(-7)25 b(43)151 b(-2.77)75 b(-21.1)h(74.8)-8 1172 y(Moon)f(:)51 b(17)25 b(52.1)75 b(-20)25 b(05)101 b(-1)25 b(27)176 b(1.79)100 b(34.0)50 b(155.3)-8 1290 y(Mercury:)h(23)25 b(01.3)100 b(-8)25 b(46)101 b(-6)25 b(36)151 b(-4.74)75 b(-12.2)h(92.8)-8 1348 y(Venus)50 b(:)h(21)25 b(47.2)75 b(-13)25 b(45)101 b(-5)25 b(22)151 b(86.46)125 b(0.7)50 b(106.7)-8 1407 y(Mars)75 b(:)h(9)25 b(06.7)100 b(20)25 b(11)126 b(7)25 b(19)125 b(-11.61)101 b(-4.9)50 b(297.5)-8 1466 y(Jupiter:)h(16)25 b(56.1)75 b(-21)25 b(49)101 b(-0)25 b(31)176 b(1.71)100 b(35.7)50 b(171.2)-8 1525 y(Saturn)25 b(:)51 b(23)25 b(15.6)100 b(-6)25 b(43)101 b(-6)25 b(50)151 b(-4.09)75 b(-14.1)h(89.1)-8 1583 y(Uranus)25 b(:)51 b(20)25 b(08.6)75 b(-20)25 b(41)101 b(-3)25 b(43)176 b(3.85)100 b(15.0)50 b(126.8)-8 1642 y(Neptune:)h(19)25 b(48.3)75 b(-20)25 b(33)101 b(-3)25 b(23)176 b(3.15)100 b(18.5)50 b(130.2)-8 1701 y(Pluto)g(:)h(16)25 b(04.1)100 b(-6)25 b(41)126 b(0)25 b(21)176 b(1.29)100 b(51.0)50 b(188.5)26 b(<-\(least)f(accurate\))-8 1850 y Fi(It's)16 b(en)o(tertaini)o (ng)d(to)j(note)f(that)g(if)g(y)o(our)g(lo)q(cation)f(is)h(on)h(the)g(site)f (men)o(u,)g(y)o(ou)h(can)f(get)h(a)g(table)f(of)h(planets)-104 1907 y(for)j(`righ)o(t)f(no)o(w')h(b)o(y)g(starting)e(the)i(program,)g (giving)f(y)o(our)g(site's)h(letter,)g(and)g(t)o(yping)e Fh(m)j Fi({)f(coun)o(ting)e(carriage)-104 1964 y(returns,)e(this)f(is)h(four)f(k)o (eystrok)o(es.)-104 2114 y Fg(Setting)j(to)g(the)g(zenith)f(with)h Fh(xZ)-8 2246 y Fi(This)k(command)f(simply)f(sets)i(the)g(righ)o(t)e (ascension)h(and)g(the)h(declination)d(to)j(those)g(of)g(the)f(zenith)g(for) -104 2303 y(the)d(curren)o(tly)e(de\014ned)h(date,)i(time,)f(and)f(site.)25 b(It)18 b(is)e(a)h(capital)f(letter)g(b)q(ecause)h(it)f(c)o(hanges)g(t)o(w)o (o)h(quan)o(tities)d(at)-104 2360 y(once.)21 b(The)15 b(co)q(ordinates)d(of)i (the)g(zenith)f(are)h(precessed)g(from)g(the)f(presen)o(t)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)h (\(for)g(whic)o(h)f(they)h(are)g(just)f(the)-104 2418 y(sidereal)h(time)h (and)g(the)g(latitude\))d(to)k(the)f(standard)e(input)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)j (de\014ned)e(b)o(y)i(the)f Fh(e)h Fi(command.)923 2785 y(18)p eop %%Page: 19 19 bop -104 48 a Fg(Obje)n(ct)16 b(lists)g({)h(the)h Fh(xR,)25 b(xl,)g(xN,)g(and)h(xS)17 b Fg(c)n(ommands.)-8 172 y(Overview.)29 b Fi(These)19 b(commands)f(w)o(ere)h(added)f(in)f(1994)i(F)l(ebruary;)h(they) e(allo)o(w)f(one)i(to)f(read)h(co)q(ordinates)-104 229 y(from)12 b(a)g(\014le,)g(list)f(them,)h(and)f(select)h(from)f(them)h(using)e(v)m (arious)h(criteria.)18 b(These)12 b(capabiliti)o(es)d(are)k(quite)e(p)q(o)o (w)o(erful)-104 287 y(but)g(add)g(some)g(complexit)o(y)l(,)g(so)g(the)g (commands)f(are)i(hidden)d(among)i(the)g(`extra)g(go)q(o)q(dies')h(to)f(a)o (v)o(oid)f(in)o(timi)o(d)o(ati)o(ng)-104 344 y(b)q(eginners.)-8 453 y(A)o(t)16 b(their)g(simplest,)f(these)i(commands)f(allo)o(w)f(y)o(ou)i (to)g(set)g(the)f(RA)i(and)e(dec)h(to)g(those)f(of)h(a)h(giv)o(en)e(ob)s (ject,)-104 511 y(without)e(ha)o(ving)g(to)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g(the)g(RA)h(and)f (dec)g(in)o(to)f(the)h(program.)20 b(But)14 b(they)i(are)f(far)g(more)g(p)q (o)o(w)o(erful)f(than)g(this;)-104 568 y(for)i(one)h(thing,)d(the)i(commands) f(to)i(displa)n(y)d(and)i(select)g(from)f(the)h(ob)s(ject)g(lists)e(also)i (giv)o(e)f(the)h Fg(hour)j(angle)f(and)-104 625 y(airmass)d Fi(for)f(eac)o(h)h(ob)s(ject)f(at)g(the)h(curren)o(tly)d(de\014ned)i(site,)g (date)h(and)f(time.)20 b(This)14 b(w)o(as)h(designed)e(for)h(use)h(at)f(the) -104 683 y(telescop)q(e)k({)g(after)f(setting)f(the)h(date)g(and)g(time)g(to) h(the)f(presen)o(t)f(\(with)h Fh(T)p Fi(,)h(p)q(erhaps\))e(y)o(ou)i(can)g (quic)o(kly)e(scan)i(a)-104 740 y(list)c(of)h(ob)s(jects)f(and)g(select)h (one)g(whic)o(h)f(is)g(w)o(ell-placed)f(for)i(observ)m(ation.)k(The)c Fh(xS)h Fi(command)e(go)q(es)h(further)f(and)-104 797 y(presen)o(ts)g(the)i (list)e(sorted)g(according)g(to)h(v)m(arious)g(criteria.)-8 907 y(The)i Fg(\014le)h(format)f Fi(for)f(ob)s(jects)f(is)g(straigh)o(tfor)o (w)o(ard.)20 b(Files)c(are)g(exp)q(ected)h(to)f(con)o(tain)e(one)i(ob)s(ject) g(p)q(er)g(line;)-104 964 y(the)g(reading)e(is)h(done)g(one)g(line)f(at)i(a)g (time,)f(so)g(an)h(error)f(in)f(one)i(line)e(do)q(es)i(not)f(prop)q(ogate)f (to)h(the)g(next.)21 b(Here's)-104 1021 y(an)16 b(example)f(of)g(a)h (correctly)f(formatted)e(line:)223 1137 y Fh(v1727)p 351 1137 16 2 v 19 w(cyg)25 b(21)g(29)g(36.2)g(47)h(04)f(08)g(1950.)50 b(18.1)26 b(binary)f(xrs)g(-)h(5hr)-104 1253 y Fi(The)17 b(data)d(\014elds)h (in)f(eac)o(h)i(line)e(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)i(separated)e(b)o(y)i(blanks)e(or)h (tabs,)g(but)g(otherwise)f(are)i(free)f(format.)20 b(The)-104 1310 y(\014rst)g(\014eld)f(is)h(a)h Fg(name)p Fi(,)h(whic)o(h)e(m)o(ust)f(b)q (e)i(less)e(than)h(20)g(c)o(haracters)f(and)h(cannot)f(con)o(tain)g(an)o(y)h (blanks.)34 b(It)20 b(is)-104 1367 y(helpful)e(if)i(y)o(ou)g(k)o(eep)h(the)f (names)h(simple)d(so)j(y)o(ou)f(can)h(remem)o(b)q(er)f(them)g(exactly)l(.)36 b(Next)21 b(comes)g(the)f(RA)h(in)-104 1425 y(hours,)15 b(min)o(utes)f(and)h (seconds)g(\(three)f(\014elds\),)h(then)f(the)i(dec)g(in)f(degrees,)g(min)o (utes,)f(and)h(seconds)g(\(three)g(more)-104 1482 y(\014elds\).)23 b(All)15 b(these)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(are)i(read)f(as)h(\015oating)d(p)q(oin) o(t,)h(so)i(for)f(example)g Fh(19)25 b(30.5)g(0)17 b Fi(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)h (equiv)m(alen)o(t)-104 1539 y(to)j Fh(19)25 b(30)g(30)p Fi(.)33 b(If)19 b(the)g(declination)d(is)j(negativ)o(e)f(the)h(\014rst)f(c)o (haracter)h(of)g(the)g(degree)g(\014eld)g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)h(a)h(min)o(us)-104 1597 y(sign,)f(and)f(there)g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)i(no)f(space)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een) f(the)g(min)o(us)f(sign)g(and)h(the)g(remainder)f(of)h(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q (er.)29 b(A)18 b Fh(-0)-104 1654 y Fi(declination)c(is)i(handled)f(correctly) l(.)24 b(In)17 b(the)g(eigh)o(th)e(mandatory)g(\014eld)h(is)g(the)g(co)q (ordinate)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h.)25 b(Finally)l(,)15 b(the)-104 1711 y(nin)o(th)c(\014eld)h(man)o(y)g(con)o(tain)f(an)h Fg(optional)k (user-supplie)n(d)d(\015o)n(ating)i(p)n(oint)f(numb)n(er)p Fi(,)f(whic)o(h)f(migh)o(t)f(b)q(e)i(a)g(magnitude)-104 1768 y(or)i(p)q(erhaps)f(a)h(priorit)o(y)d(for)j(observ)m(ation.)k(An)o(y)14 b(further)f(en)o(tries)h(on)g(the)h(same)g(line)e(are)i(ignored,)f(so)h(y)o (ou're)g(free)-104 1826 y(to)h(put)e(notes)g(or)i(other)e(informati)o(on)e (there)j(\(as)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e\).)21 b(This)14 b(informatio)o(n)f(will)h(not) g(b)q(e)i(read)f(at)g(all;)f(it's)h(only)-104 1883 y(there)h(for)f(y)o(our)g (o)o(wn)g(b)q(ene\014t)g(\(sa)o(y)l(,)g(for)g(a)h(prin)o(ted)d(cop)o(y)i(of)h (the)f(list\).)-8 1993 y(If)g(the)g(program)f(do)q(es)h(not)g(successfully)e (read)i(the)g(eigh)o(t)e(mandatory)h(\014elds)g(from)g(eac)o(h)h(line,)g(a)g (complain)o(t)-104 2050 y(is)g(prin)o(ted)d(and)i(the)h(line)e(is)h(ignored.) 20 b(If)15 b(the)f(optional)e(user-suppli)o(ed)g(\015oating)h(p)q(oin)o(t)g (n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(is)h(not)h(suppli)o(ed,)-104 2107 y(it)e(is)h(automatical) o(l)o(y)e(assigned)g(a)i(v)m(alue)f(of)h(99.9.)20 b(This)13 b(c)o(hoice)g(is)h(arbitrary)l(,)e(but)g(it's)h(a)h(rational)d(c)o(hoice)i (if)g(y)o(ou're)-104 2164 y(using)h(the)i(\014eld)e(for)h(magnitudes,)e(and)i (it)g(do)q(esn't)g(cro)o(wd)g(an)o(y)g(of)h(the)f(later)f(displa)o(ys.)-8 2274 y(Y)l(ou)k(are)h(allo)o(w)o(ed)e(up)h(to)g(499)h(ob)s(jects)e(in)h(y)o (our)g(list.)29 b(If)18 b(y)o(ou)h(w)o(an)o(t)e(more,)j(y)o(ou)e(can)h(c)o (hange)f(the)g(de\014ned)-104 2331 y(constan)o(t)i Fh(MAX)p 173 2331 V 18 w(OBJECTS)j Fi(in)e(the)g(source)h(co)q(de)g(and)f(recompile.) 38 b(The)22 b(information)c(stored)j(for)g(eac)o(h)h(ob)s(ject)-104 2389 y(amoun)o(ts)13 b(to)h(something)f(lik)o(e)g(48)i(b)o(ytes)f(\(dep)q (ending)d(on)k(y)o(our)f(mac)o(hine\),)f(so)h(the)g(499-ob)s(ject)f(limit)f (is)i(ab)q(out)g(24)-104 2446 y(k;)j(most)e(users)g(could)f(expand)h(this)f (without)g(running)e(in)o(to)i(memory)i(limitat)o(io)o(ns.)-8 2555 y(The)i Fh(xR)h Fi(command)e(reads)g(ob)s(jects)g(from)g(a)h(\014le;)h (it)e(brie\015y)g(reviews)h(the)f(\014le)h(format)e(and)i(then)f(prompts)-104 2613 y(for)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g(input)e(\014le.)22 b(If)17 b(y)o(ou)e(sp)q(ecify)h(the)g(\014lename)f Fh(QUIT)i Fi(\(all)d(upp)q(er)i (case\),)g(it)g(do)q(es)g(not)f(attempt)-104 2670 y(to)j(op)q(en)g(a)g (\014le.)28 b(If)19 b(y)o(ou)e(sp)q(ecify)h(a)g(\014le)f(whic)o(h)h(the)f (program)g(cannot)g(op)q(en,)i(it)e(complains)e(and)j(exits)f(bac)o(k)h(to) 923 2785 y(19)p eop %%Page: 20 20 bop -104 48 a Fi(the)17 b(main)e(command)g(lev)o(el.)23 b(If)16 b(the)g(\014le)g(do)q(es)h(op)q(en,)f(but)g(y)o(ou)g(already)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h (ob)s(jects)f(in)g(memory)l(,)i(it)f(asks)g(y)o(ou)-104 105 y(whether)i(y)o(ou)f(w)o(ould)g(lik)o(e)g(to)g(app)q(end)g(the)g(new)i(ob)s (jects)d(or)i(replace)f(the)g(old)g(ones)h(with)f(the)g(new)i(ones.)27 b(The)-104 162 y(program)16 b(then)h(reads)f(the)h(\014le,)g(complainin)o(g)e (if)h(it)g(\014nds)g(an)o(y)h(ob)o(vious)e(anomalies)g(\(blank)h(lines,)g (non-n)o(um)o(ber)-104 220 y(in)e(\014elds)f(supp)q(osed)f(to)i(b)q(e)h(n)o (um)o(b)q(ers,)e(or)h(whatev)o(er\).)20 b(Finally)l(,)13 b(it)g(rep)q(orts)g (ho)o(w)i(man)o(y)e(ob)s(jects)g(y)o(ou)h(ha)o(v)o(e,)g(closes)-104 277 y(the)i(input)d(\014le,)i(and)g(returns.)20 b(If)15 b(y)o(ou'v)o(e)h (\014lled)d(up)i(to)h(the)f(maxim)o(um)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)h(ob)s(jects,)g (it)f(w)o(arns)h(y)o(ou.)-8 390 y(No)o(w)h(the)f(fun)f(b)q(egins!)-8 503 y(The)i(simplest)e(thing)g(y)o(ou)h(can)h(do)f(with)g(the)h(ob)s(ject)f (list)f(is)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g(out)h(some)f(of)h(the)f(con)o(ten)o(ts;)g(that's)f (done)-104 560 y(with)j(the)f Fh(x)25 b(l)18 b Fi(\(list\))c(command.)25 b(Y)l(ou're)16 b(prompted)f(for)i(the)g(\014rst)e(and)i(last)f(items)g(to)g (prin)o(t)f(out)h(\(b)o(y)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)-104 617 y(in)g(the)g(list\).)25 b(The)18 b(program)e(then)h(prin)o(ts)e(out)i(the)g(presen)o(tly)f(de\014ned) g(date)h(and)g(time)f({)i(for)f(whic)o(h)g(the)g(hour)-104 675 y(angles)d(and)f(airmasses)g(are)h(computed)f({)h(and)g(then)f(simply)f (t)o(yp)q(es)i(out)g(the)g(informati)o(on)d(for)j(eac)o(h)g(ob)s(ject.)19 b(The)-104 732 y(last)c(t)o(w)o(o)g(columns)f(giv)o(e)h(the)g(hour)g(angle)g (and)f(airmass)g(\(sec)8 b Fe(z)r Fi(\))16 b(of)f(eac)o(h)h(ob)s(ject.)-8 845 y(The)h(commands)f Fh(xN)h Fi(and)f Fh(xS)h Fi(are)g(upp)q(er-case)f (letters)g(b)q(ecause)h(they)f(cause)h(more)g(than)e(one)i(quan)o(tit)o(y)d (to)-104 902 y(c)o(hange)f(at)g(once.)21 b Fh(xN)14 b Fi(searc)o(hes)e(for)h (an)g(ob)s(ject)g(b)o(y)g(name)g(\(it)f(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)i(an)f(exact)h(matc)o (h,)f(includi)o(ng)d(the)j(upp)q(er)g(or)-104 959 y(lo)o(w)o(er)g(case)g(of)g (an)o(y)g(letters\),)f(and)h(if)f(a)h(matc)o(h)g(is)f(found)g(the)g(program)g Fg(sets)i(b)n(oth)h(the)g(RA)g(and)h(de)n(c)e(to)i(that)f(obje)n(ct)p Fi(.)-104 1017 y(If)h(the)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)f(of)h(the)f(ob)s(ject's)f(co)q (ordinates)g(in)h(the)g(list)f(is)h(di\013eren)o(t)e(from)i(the)h(curren)o (tly)d(de\014ned)h(input)g(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)-104 1074 y(\(the)e(quan)o(tit)o(y) e(con)o(trolled)g(b)o(y)i(the)h Fh(e)g Fi(command\),)f(the)g(ob)s(ject's)g (co)q(ordinates)f(are)h(precessed)h(to)f(the)g(input)f(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)-104 1131 y(and)18 b(the)g(co)q(ordinates)f(are)i(set)f(to)g(the)h(precessed)f(v)m (alues)g(\(that)f(is,)i(the)f(program)f(handles)f(this)h(correctly)l(.)30 b(It)-104 1189 y(w)o(ould)15 b(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(een)i(p)q(ossible)d(instead)h (to)h(reset)g(the)g(input)f(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)h(as)g(w)o(ell)g(as)h(the)f(RA)g (and)g(dec,)h(but)e(this)g(w)o(ould)-104 1246 y(ha)o(v)o(e)i(b)q(een)f(ev)o (en)h(more)f(confusing.\))-8 1359 y(Lik)o(e)j(the)g Fh(xN)g Fi(command,)g(the)g Fh(xS)h Fi(command)e(resets)h(the)g(RA)g(and)g(dec)g (\(with)f(precession)g(if)g(need)h(b)q(e,)i(as)-104 1416 y(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e\),) e(but)f(no)o(w)h(the)g(user)f(gets)h(to)f(select)h(in)o(teractiv)o(el)o(y)e (whic)o(h)g(ob)s(ject)h(to)h(c)o(ho)q(ose.)28 b(T)l(en)18 b(ob)s(jects)f(at)h (a)g(time)-104 1473 y(are)e(presen)o(ted,)f(and)g(the)h(user)f(selects)g(an)h (ob)s(ject)f(\(and)g(sets)g(the)h(RA)g(and)f(dec\))h(b)o(y)f(giving)g(its)f (n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(on)g(the)-104 1531 y(list.)20 b(T)o(yping)15 b Fh(m)h Fi(giv)o(es)f(the)g(next)g(10)h(ob)s(jects,)f(while)g Fh(q)h Fi(quits)e(the)h(searc)o(h)g(without)f(assigning)f(co)q(ordinates.)19 b(The)-104 1588 y(searc)o(h)c(con)o(tin)o(ues)e(un)o(til)g(one)i(selects)g (and)g(item)g(or)h(quits,)e(or)i(un)o(til)c(the)j(list)f(is)h(exhausted.)-8 1701 y(The)f(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)g({)g(and)f(fun!)20 b({)14 b(of)f(this)g(command) g(comes)h(in)f(the)g(order)g(in)g(whic)o(h)g(the)h(ob)s(jects)e(are)i(presen) o(ted)f({)-104 1758 y(the)f(ob)s(jects)f(are)i Fh(sorted)g Fi(according)d(to)j(v)m(arious)e(criteria)f(\(hence)i(the)g(c)o(hoice)f(of)i (letter\).)18 b(There)13 b(are)f(\(at)g(presen)o(t\))-104 1816 y(\014v)o(e)k(di\013eren)o(t)d(options)h(for)h(the)g(sort:)-108 1929 y Fh(xS1)25 b Fi(sorts)16 b(the)h(ob)s(jects)f(in)h(order)f(of)h (increasing)e(distance)h(from)g(the)h(presen)o(tly)e(de\014ned)h(RA)i(and)e (dec)i({)f(it's)g(a)-8 1986 y(`\014nd)d(nearest'.)20 b(There)15 b(are)f(man)o(y)g(w)o(a)o(ys)g(to)h(use)f(this.)19 b(If)c(y)o(ou)f(set)g(to)g (the)g(zenith)f(with)h Fh(xZ)p Fi(,)h(the)f(ob)s(jects)f(will)-8 2043 y(b)q(e)h(presen)o(ted)d(in)h(order)h(of)g(zenith)e(distance.)19 b(If)13 b(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(an)g(ob)s(ject)f(on)h(y)o(our)f(list)g(whose) h(co)q(ordinates)e(y)o(ou)-8 2100 y(remem)o(b)q(er)17 b(roughly)l(,)g(but)g 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y(order)c(of)g(increasing)e(magnitude;)h(it)g(ma)o(y)i(b)q(e)g(esp)q(ecially) e(useful)g(to)h(put)g(a)g(priorit)o(y)e(in)i(this)f(\014eld.)-8 437 y(Naturally)l(,)j(only)h(limited)e(information)g(can)i(b)q(e)i(giv)o(en)e (ab)q(out)f(eac)o(h)i(item.)30 b(After)19 b(y)o(ou'v)o(e)f(selected)h(co)q (or-)-104 494 y(dinates,)g(it's)g(advisable)e(to)i(t)o(yp)q(e)g Fh(=)h Fi(to)f(get)h(a)f(complete)g(listin)o(g)e(of)i(the)g(observ)m(abilit)n (y)e(informati)o(on.)30 b(This)18 b(is)-104 552 y(esp)q(ecially)13 b(true)g(if)g(the)g(mo)q(on)h(is)f(up)g({)h(the)g(ob)s(ject)f(y)o(ou'v)o(e)g (selected)h(could)e(b)q(e)i(righ)o(t)e(next)i(to)f(the)h(mo)q(on,)g(or)g(ev)o (en)-104 609 y(o)q(cculted!)923 2785 y(21)p eop %%Page: 22 22 bop 226 48 a Fj(1.3)19 b({)g(ALGORITHMS,)g(A)n(CCURA)n(CY,)f(AND)g(LIMIT)-5 b(A)g(TIONS.)-104 215 y Fg(Calendar)19 b(and)f(times.)-8 338 y Fi(The)f(time)f(argumen)o(ts)f(for)h(most)g(of)h(the)f(routines)e(are)j (Julian)d(dates,)j(implemen)o(ted)d(as)i(double-precisi)o(on)-104 395 y(\015oating)h(p)q(oin)o(t)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers.)29 b(If)18 b(y)o(our)g(mac)o(hine's)f(double-precisi)o(on)e(man)o(tissa)h(isn't)i (reasonably)e(long,)j(y)o(ou)f(can)-104 453 y(run)c(in)o(to)e(serious)h (inaccuracy)l(.)19 b(Digital's)13 b(V)-5 b(AX)13 b(mac)o(hines)g(express)h(a) g(JD)h(to)f(a)g(few)h(milli)o(seconds)c(accuracy)l(,)k(but)-104 510 y(this)g(should)f(b)q(e)j(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)f(when)g(the)g(co)q(de)h(is)e (p)q(orted)h(to)g(another)f(arc)o(hitecture.)20 b(Calendar)15 b(dates)h(and)f(da)o(ys)h(of)-104 567 y(the)i(w)o(eek)i(are)e(deriv)o(ed)f (from)h(a)h(truncation)c(of)j(the)g(Julian)e(date,)j(whic)o(h)e(is)h(the)g (same)g(in)g(eac)o(h)g(case,)i(so)e(they)-104 624 y(should)c(alw)o(a)o(ys)h (agree.)-8 733 y(As)h(noted)g(earlier,)f(the)h(program)f(mak)o(es)h(v)m (arious)g(transformat)o(io)o(ns)e(to)i(accoun)o(t)f(for)h(zone)g(time,)g(da)o (yligh)o(t)-104 791 y(sa)o(vings)f(time,)g(and)h(suc)o(h.)21 b(A)16 b(subtler)e(issue)h(is)h(the)g(actual)e(timebase)h(whic)o(h)g(is)g (used)h(for)f(the)h(input)e(time.)21 b(The)-104 848 y(distincti)o(ons)16 b(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(UT,)h(UTC,)h(T)l(AI,)g(TDT)g(are)f(made)f(authoritati)o (v)o(el)o(y)e(in)i(the)g Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)i(A)o(lmanac)p Fi(,)-104 905 y(but)e(are)g(widely)g(ignored)f(b)o(y)h(astronomers,)g(so)g (I'll)g(explain)e(them)i(brie\015y)f(here;)k(this)16 b(isn't)i(an)g (authoritat)o(i)o(v)o(e)-104 963 y(discussion,)h(but)f(I)j(hop)q(e)e(it's)g (essen)o(tially)e(correct.)33 b Fd(Univ)o(ersal)18 b(Time)p Fi(,)j(or)f(UT)g(is)f(Green)o(wic)o(h)g(time)g(based)g(on)-104 1020 y(the)h(true)g(phase)g(of)g(rotation)d(of)j(the)g(earth.)35 b(The)21 b(earth's)e(rotation)f(gradually)g(slo)o(ws)h(with)h(time,)g(and)g (it)f(is)-104 1077 y(su\016cien)o(tly)d(unpredictabl)o(e)g(that)h(UT)i(can't) g(b)q(e)g(determined)d(accurately)h(un)o(til)f(after)i(the)g(fact.)29 b(There)19 b(are)g(a)-104 1134 y(few)14 b(minor)e(v)m(arian)o(ts)f(of)i(UT)h (based)f(on)g(the)g(state)f(of)h(the)g(data)f(reduction)f(in)i(this)e (determination)o(.)18 b(T)l(AI)c(is)f Fd(In)o(ter-)-104 1192 y(national)g(A)o(tomic)h(Time)p Fi(,)i(whic)o(h)e(is)h(the)g(b)q(est)g (realizable)e(uniform)g(timescale.)20 b(UTC,)d(the)e(famous)f Fd(co)q(ordinated)-104 1249 y(univ)o(ersal)e(time)i Fi(broadcast)f(on)h(WWV,) h(is)f(a)h(compromise)e(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(these;)h(it)e(follo)o(ws)g(UT)i (appro)o(ximatel)o(y)l(,)e(but)-104 1306 y(is)19 b(main)o(tain)o(ed)d(an)j (in)o(teger)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)i(seconds)f(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)h(from)g(T)l(AI) g(b)o(y)g(the)g(insertion)d(of)j(an)g(o)q(ccasional)e(`leap)-104 1364 y(second'.)j(UTC)13 b(and)f(UT)h(should)c(b)q(e)k(main)o(tain)o(ed)d(so) i(that)f(they)h(alw)o(a)o(ys)f(agree)h(to)g(within)e(0.9)j(sec.)20 b(Finally)l(,)11 b(TDT)-104 1421 y(is)17 b Fd(T)l(errestrial)e(Dynamical)h (Time)p Fi(;)j(this)c(is)i(another)f(uniform)f(timescale)g(o\013set)i(for)g (historical)d(reasons)i(I)i(don't)-104 1478 y(understand)13 b(b)o(y)i(a)h(constan)o(t)d(32.184)j(seconds)f(from)g(T)l(AI.)h(Strictly)d (sp)q(eaking,)i(b)q(efore)g(1983)h(the)f(apparen)o(t)e(con-)-104 1535 y(ceptual)g(equiv)m(alen)o(t)f(of)i(TDT)i(w)o(as)e(called)f(Ephemeris)g (Time)h(\(ET\);)g(I'm)h(unclear)e(as)h(to)f(the)h(di\013erence)f(b)q(et)o(w)o (een)-104 1593 y(ET)19 b(and)e(TDT.)i(On)f(long)e(timescales)g(UT)i(drifts)d (parab)q(olicall)o(y)g(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)i(from)g(TDT)i(\(or)e(its)f(rough)g (equiv)m(alen)o(t,)-104 1650 y(ET\);)h(a)f(p)q(erusal)e(of)h(pp.)g(K8)h(and)e (K9)i(of)f(the)g(1995)g Fg(A)o(lmanac)i Fi(sho)o(ws)e(that)f(they)i(w)o(ere)g (equal)e(in)h(1870)g(and)g(1902,)-104 1707 y(and)g(that)g(the)g(di\013erence) g(\001T)e(=)h(TDT)e Ff(\000)e Fi(UT)16 b(has)g(no)o(w)f(reac)o(hed)g(ab)q (out)f(a)i(min)o(ute.)-8 1816 y(Because)f(calculations)d(of)j(solar)f(system) i(ob)s(jects)e(should)f(b)q(e)j(based)e(on)h(a)h(uniform)d(time)h(scale,)h (the)g(`argu-)-104 1874 y(men)o(t')g(of)g(these)g(calculations)d(is)j (generally)f(TDT.)j(But)e(I)h(ignore)e(\001T)i(in)e(the)h(planetary)f (calculatio)o(ns,)f(b)q(ecause)-104 1931 y(the)k(planets)d(mo)o(v)o(e)i (rather)f(slo)o(wly)l(,)h(and)g(the)g(planetary)e(theory)i(used)g(here)g(is)g (relativ)o(ely)e(primitiv)o(e.)21 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)-104 1988 y(TDT)16 b(is)c(used)h(for)g(the)g(mo)q(on)g(calculation)d(\(where)j(it) g(is)g(just)f(signi\014can)n(t)f(b)q(ecause)i(the)g(mo)q(on)g(mo)o(v)o(es)g (so)g(quic)o(kly\))-104 2045 y(and)g(the)g(sun)f(\(where)h(at)g(presen)o(t)f (it)g(c)o(hanges)g(the)h(answ)o(er)g(b)o(y)g(ab)q(out)f(3)h(arcsec\).)21 b(F)l(rom)13 b(1900)g(to)g(1993)f(the)h(v)m(alues)-104 2103 y(used)k(are)g(based)g(on)g(linear)e(in)o(terp)q(olat)o(i)o(ons)f(on)j(5-y)o (ear)g(in)o(terv)m(als)e(in)h(the)h Fg(A)o(lmanac)p Fi(.)27 b(Accuracy)17 b(app)q(ears)g(to)f(b)q(e)-104 2160 y(less)i(than)e(a)i(second) g(when)g(compared)e(to)i(the)f(ann)o(ual)f(v)m(alues)h(tabulated)e(in)i(the)h Fg(A)o(lmanac)p Fi(.)29 b(After)17 b(1993,)h(the)-104 2217 y(correction)e(used)h(is)g(only)f(a)i(guess,)g(whic)o(h)e(is)h(linearly)e (extrap)q(olated)g(from)i(presen)o(t-da)o(y)e(v)m(alues.)26 b(A)17 b(parab)q(olic)-104 2275 y(extrap)q(olation)10 b(migh)o(t)i(b)q(e)h(b) q(etter,)g(but)f(the)h(b)q(eha)o(vior)e(in)h(the)h(past)f(has)h(often)f(b)q (een)h(rather)f(erratic)g(so)h(this)f(seems)-104 2332 y(adequate.)-8 2441 y(The)h(calendrical)d(routines)g(break)j(do)o(wn)f(b)q(efore)g(1901)h (and)e(after)h(2100.)20 b(Input)11 b(outside)g(those)h(dates)g(causes)-104 2498 y(the)17 b(program)e(to)i(b)q(ecome)g(unco)q(op)q(erativ)o(e)e(un)o(til) e(y)o(ou)k(set)f(a)h(date)f(inside)f(the)h(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(range.)24 b(While)15 b(it)h(w)o(ould)-104 2555 y(b)q(e)k(a)f(simple)e(matter)h(to)h (extend)f(the)h(calendrical)d(routines,)i(I)h(w)o(orry)g(ab)q(out)f(the)g (wisdom)g(of)h(this)e(b)q(ecause)i(I)-104 2613 y(ha)o(v)o(e)13 b(not)g(tested)f(the)h(accuracy)h(of)f(the)g(celestial)e(calculation)o(s)g (far)h(outside)g(of)h(the)g(presen)o(t.)19 b(The)14 b(routine)d(whic)o(h)-104 2670 y(con)o(v)o(erts)j(julian)e(date)i(bac)o(k)g(to)g(calendar)f(date,)i (whic)o(h)f(can)g(b)q(e)h(accessed)g(directly)e(with)g(the)h Fh(xj)h Fi(command,)f(has)923 2785 y(22)p eop %%Page: 23 23 bop -104 48 a Fi(a)14 b(wider)f(range)f(of)h(v)m(alidit)o(y;)f(it)g(agrees)h (with)g(the)g Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)h(A)o(lmanac)h Fi(\(1995;)f(page)f(K4\))g (from)f(1600)h(to)g(2100)-104 105 y(at)j(least.)-8 219 y(When)f(prin)o(tin)o (g)e(the)i(phenomena)f(for)h(a)h(giv)o(en)e(nigh)o(t,)g(the)h(program)f (assumes)h(implicit)o(l)o(y)f(that)g(zone)i(time)-104 276 y(at)d(least)e (grossly)g(appro)o(ximates)f(lo)q(cal)h(time.)19 b(Th)o(us)12 b(w)o(orking)f(from)h(a)g(California)d(lo)q(cation)i(\(zone)h(=)h(8,)g(or)f (P)o(aci\014c)-104 333 y(time\))g(and)f(attempting)f(to)i(get)g(times)g(prin) o(ted)d(as)k(UT)g(b)o(y)f(giving)f(a)h(standard)e(time)i(zone)h(as)f(0)h (will)e(giv)o(e)h(p)q(eculiar)-104 391 y(b)q(eha)o(vior.)20 b(The)c Fh(g)g Fi(option)e(allo)o(ws)g(input)f(in)i(UT.)-8 504 y(As)f(previously)e(noted,)h(da)o(yligh)o(t)e(sa)o(vings)i(time)g(is)g (implemen)o(ted)e(using)h(hard-co)q(ded)h(algorithm)o(s)f(to)h(deter-)-104 561 y(mine)g(the)h(dates)f(on)h(whic)o(h)f(the)g(clo)q(c)o(k)h(time)f(c)o (hanges.)20 b(If)14 b(y)o(our)f(lo)q(cation)f(uses)h(some)h(di\013eren)o(t)e (algorithm,)f(y)o(ou'll)-104 619 y(ha)o(v)o(e)k(to)g(put)f(it)h(in)o(to)e (the)i(source)g(co)q(de.)21 b(Note)15 b(that)f(if)h(y)o(ou)g(use)g(da)o (yligh)o(t)d(time)i(and)g(\(as)h(is)g(the)g(default\))d(sp)q(ecify)-104 676 y(y)o(our)21 b(input)d(times)i(in)h(lo)q(cal)f(time,)h(di\016culties)d (arise)i(when)h(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(and)i(standard)f(times)h(switc)o(h.)36 b(When)-104 733 y(da)o(yligh)o(t)13 b(sa)o(vings)g(switc)o(hes)i(bac)o(k)g (to)g(standard)e(time)h(\(`fall)g(bac)o(k'\),)h(the)g(n)o(umerical)e(v)m (alue)i(of)g(the)g(time)f(rep)q(eats)-104 791 y(for)h(an)g(hour;)g(going)f (the)h(other)f(w)o(a)o(y)i(\(`spring)d(forw)o(ard'\),)h(there)h(is)f(an)h (hour)f(of)h(non-existen)o(t)e(lo)q(cal)h(times.)20 b(The)-104 848 y(program)f(handles)e(these)j(condition)o(s)d(as)j(follo)o(ws.)31 b(If)20 b(the)f(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(time)g(is)g(within)e(ab)q(out)i(12)g(hours)g (of)g(the)-104 905 y(switc)o(h,)f(a)g(w)o(arning)e(is)h(prin)o(ted.)25 b(If)18 b(y)o(ou)g(sp)q(ecify)f(a)h(time)f(during)e(the)j(hour)f(whic)o(h)f (is)i(skipp)q(ed)e(when)i(da)o(yligh)o(t)-104 962 y(sa)o(vings)d(time)g(b)q (egins,)g(the)h(computation)d(is)i(ab)q(orted)g(and)h(y)o(ou)f(are)i(ask)o (ed)e(to)h(sp)q(ecify)g(a)g(time)f(1)h(hour)f(later.)22 b(If)-104 1020 y(y)o(ou)c(sp)q(ecify)f(a)h(time)f(during)e(the)i(double-v)m(alued)e(p)q (erio)q(d)i(when)h(the)f(time)g(drops)f(bac)o(k,)j(the)e(time)g(defaults)e (to)-104 1077 y(standard)g(and)h(a)i(rather)e(sharp)q(er)g(w)o(arning)f(is)h (prin)o(ted.)23 b(This)16 b(mak)o(es)h(one)g(hour)f(of)h(real)f(time)h (inaccessible)d(\(!\))-104 1134 y(unless)h(y)o(ou)g(switc)o(h)f(to)i(green)o (wic)o(h)e(time)h(input)e(with)i(the)g Fh(g)h Fi(option)d(and)i(force)h(the)f (input)e(time.)-8 1248 y(The)k(routine)e(to)h(turn)f(JD)i(in)o(to)e(calendar) g(date)i(is)f(adapted)f(from)h Fg(Numeric)n(al)i(R)n(e)n(cip)n(es)e(in)h(C)24 b Fi(b)o(y)17 b(Press)g Fg(et)-104 1305 y(al.)32 b Fi(The)20 b(routine)d(to)i(generate)g(the)f(JD)i(from)e(the)h(date)f(and)h(time)f(w)o (as)h(adapted)f(from)g(a)h(routine)e(originall)o(y)-104 1363 y(based)e(on)h(a)f(recip)q(e)h(in)f(the)g(old)f Fg(A)o(meric)n(an)j (Ephemeris)p Fi(.)-104 1509 y Fg(Sun)g(and)h(Mo)n(on.)-8 1640 y Fi(The)h(lunar)e(p)q(ositions)f(used)h(are)i(computed)e(from)h(Jean)g (Meeus')h Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)g(F)l(ormulae)j(for)d(Calcula-)-104 1697 y(tors)p Fi(,)k(Third)c(Edition)g(\(1985,)i(Willman-Bell)o(:)28 b(Ric)o(hmond\).)34 b(The)21 b(routine)e(corrects)h(the)h(time)e(argumen)o(t) g(to)-104 1754 y(appro)o(ximate)d(TDT,)k(b)q(ecause)e(the)f(mo)q(on)h(mo)o(v) o(es)f(quic)o(kly)g(enough)g(to)h(mak)o(e)g(these)f(small)f(timing)g (di\013erences)-104 1812 y(signi\014can)o(t.)25 b(Sp)q(ot)18 b(c)o(hec)o(ks)f(against)g(the)g Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)i(A)o(lmanac)h Fi(indicate)c(that)h(the)g(routine)f(generates)i Fg(ge)n(o-)-104 1869 y(c)n(entric)f Fi(lunar)f(p)q(ositions)f(go)q(o)q(d)i(to)h(b)q(etter)f (than)f(a)i(few)g(seconds)f(of)g(time)g(in)f(RA)i(and)f(a)g(fraction)f(of)h (a)h(min)o(ute)-104 1926 y(of)h(arc)f(in)f(declination)o(.)27 b(A)18 b(top)q(o)q(cen)o(tric)f(correction)f(\(from)h(geo)q(cen)o(tric)h(to)g (observ)m(atory-cen)o(tered,)f(whic)o(h)g(can)-104 1983 y(b)q(e)i Ff(\030)e Fi(1)42 1966 y Fb(\016)64 1983 y Fi(!\))28 b(is)18 b(included,)e(based)h(on)h(an)g(ellipsoi)o(dal)c(earth)j(and)h(the)f(true)h (elev)m(ation)e(of)i(the)g(observ)m(atory)l(.)27 b(The)-104 2041 y(top)q(o)q(cen)o(tric)14 b(correction)g(app)q(ears)h(to)g(b)q(e)h (somewhat)f(more)h(accurate)f(than)f(the)i(lunar)d(theory)i(used.)-8 2154 y(As)h(noted)f(earlier,)g(under)g(the)h Fh(=)h Fi(command)e(the)g (program)g(prin)o(ts)f(a)i(notice)f(if)h(a)g(solar)f(or)h(lunar)e(eclipse)h (is)-104 2212 y(in)g(progress.)20 b(The)15 b(solar)f(eclipse)g(state)h(is)g (found)e(v)o(ery)j(directly)d(b)o(y)i(computing)e(the)h(top)q(o)q(cen)o(tric) g(angular)f(radii)-104 2269 y(of)20 b(the)g(sun)f(and)g(mo)q(on)h(and)f (comparing)f(with)h(their)g(top)q(o)q(cen)o(tric)f(angular)g(separation.)32 b(The)21 b(lunar)d(eclipse)-104 2326 y(calculation)10 b(uses)j(a)h(simple)d (geometrical)h(mo)q(del)g(of)h(the)g(earth's)g(shado)o(w)f(\(taking)f(in)o (to)h(accoun)o(t)g(the)g(distance)g(of)-104 2384 y(the)k(sun\))f(at)g(the)h (mo)q(on's)f(geo)q(cen)o(tric)g(distance.)20 b(Although)13 b(the)j(program)e(do)q(es)i(not)f(generate)h(eclipse)e(timings)-104 2441 y(directly)l(,)h(one)h(can)g(man)o(ually)d(iterate)i(to)h(obtain)e (times)h(of)g(eclipse)g(con)o(tacts.)21 b(This)16 b(pro)o(vides)e(an)h (exacting)g(test)-104 2498 y(of)22 b(the)f(lunar)f(ephemerides)g(and)h(the)g (top)q(o)q(cen)o(tric)e(correction.)38 b(F)l(or)22 b(solar)e(eclipses,)i(the) f(timings)e(agree)j(to)-104 2555 y(within)17 b(ab)q(out)g(1)h(min)o(ute)e (with)i(the)f(de\014nitiv)o(e)f(ephemerides)g(\(e.)29 b(g.,)20 b(F.)f(Esp)q(enak)f(and)g(J.)g(Anderson,)g(NASA)-104 2613 y(reference)e (publicati)o(on)o(s)d(Nos.)21 b(1301)16 b(and)e(1318,)i(1993\);)f(a)h(1)g (min)o(ute)d(timing)g(error)j(implies)d Ff(\030)g Fi(30)1719 2595 y Fb(00)1759 2613 y Fi(uncertain)o(t)n(y)-104 2670 y(in)g(the)h(mo)q (on's)f(longitud)o(e.)19 b(Lunar)12 b(eclipse)h(con)o(tacts)f(are)i(accurate) f(to)g(within)f(ab)q(out)h(5)g(min)o(utes,)f(with)h(residual)923 2785 y(23)p eop %%Page: 24 24 bop -104 48 a Fi(di\013erences)19 b(apparen)o(tly)d(due)j(to)h(the)f(simple)e (mo)q(del)i(used)g(for)g(the)g(earth's)g(shado)o(w.)31 b(Th)o(us)19 b(these)g(programs)-104 105 y(should)14 b(not)h(b)q(e)h(used)f(for)g(the)g (most)g(critical)e(eclipse)i(calculation)o(s.)-8 212 y(I)g(do)f(not)g(kno)o (w)g(o)o(v)o(er)g(what)h(range)f(of)g(dates)g(the)g(lunar)e(ephemeris)h(can)i (b)q(e)g(exp)q(ected)f(to)g(w)o(ork)h(w)o(ell,)f(but)g(it)-104 269 y(w)o(orks)i(nicely)f(to)o(w)o(ard)f(the)h(end)g(of)h(the)f(t)o(w)o(en)o (tieth)e(cen)o(tury)l(.)-8 375 y(The)h(prin)o(ted)d(phases)i(of)h(the)f(mo)q (on)h(are)g(based)f(on)g(Meeus')h(algorithms,)d(whic)o(h)i(he)h(claims)e(are) i(go)q(o)q(d)g(to)f Ff(\006)p Fi(2)-104 433 y(min)o(utes.)-8 539 y(Explicitly-pr)o(in)n(t)o(ed)18 b(p)q(ositions)f(of)j(the)f(sun)h(are)g (also)f(from)h(algorithm)o(s)e(deriv)o(ed)g(from)i(Jean)f(Meeus)h Fg(As-)-104 596 y(tr)n(onomic)n(al)g(F)l(ormulae)h(for)f(Calculators)p Fi(.)32 b(These)19 b(p)q(ositions)d(are)i(referred)g(to)g(the)h Fg(me)n(an)f Fi(equino)o(x)g(of)g(date.)30 b(A)-104 654 y(top)q(o)q(cen)o (tric)10 b(correction)g(is)g(applied)f(\(whic)o(h)h(amoun)o(t)f(to)i(at)g (most)f(8.8)i(arcsec\).)19 b(Sp)q(ot)11 b(c)o(hec)o(ks)g(of)g(the)g(routine)e (itself)-104 711 y(\(mo)q(di\014ed)18 b(for)h(this)f(purp)q(ose)g(to)i(sho)o (w)f(geo)q(cen)o(tric)g(apparen)o(t)e(rather)h(than)h(mean)g(co)q (ordinates\))e(ga)o(v)o(e)j(agree-)-104 768 y(men)o(t)c(to)g(a)h(few)g (arcseconds.)22 b(Rise/set)16 b(times)f(are)i(deriv)o(ed)e(using)f(the)i Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)i(A)o(lmanac)g Fi(lo)o(w-precision)-104 825 y(form)o(ulae)c(for)h(the)g(sun,)g(whic)o(h)g(are)g(adv)o(ertised)f(as)i (go)q(o)q(d)f(to)h(ab)q(out)e(0)p Fe(:)p Fi(01)1249 808 y Fb(\016)1271 825 y Fi(.)-8 932 y(If)19 b(the)h(observ)m(atory)e(elev)m(ation)g(ab)q(o)o(v) o(e)h(its)f(horizon)g(is)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)f(as)i(zero,)h(the)e(rising)e(and)h (setting)g(times)-104 989 y(of)i(the)g(mo)q(on)g(and)f(sun)g(are)h(tak)o(en)g (to)f(b)q(e)i(the)e(times)g(when)h(the)g(cen)o(ter)g(of)f(the)h(ob)s(ject)f (is)g(50)h(arcmin)f(b)q(elo)o(w)-104 1047 y(the)e(geometrical)d(horizon.)23 b(This)16 b(is)g(ab)q(out)g(the)g(time)g(of)g(con)o(tact)f(of)i(the)f(upp)q (er)g(lim)o(b)e(with)i(the)g(horizon,)g(once)-104 1104 y(refraction)11 b(is)h(tak)o(en)g(in)o(to)e(accoun)o(t.)19 b(V)l(ariations)10 b(in)h(the)h(apparen)o(t)f(diameter)g(of)h(the)g(sun)g(and)f(mo)q(on)i(are)f (ignored.)-104 1161 y(If)17 b(the)e(observ)m(atory)h(elev)m(ation)e(ab)q(o)o (v)o(e)i(its)f(horizon)f(is)i(non-zero,)f(an)h(appro)o(ximate)d(correction)i (is)g(added)g(to)h(the)-104 1218 y(zenith)f(angle)f(at)i(whic)o(h)e(rising)g (and)g(setting)g(are)i(rec)o(k)o(oned;)f(this)f(is)565 1359 y(horizon)f(correction)i(\(radians\))9 b(=)1210 1284 y Fa(r)p 1258 1284 58 2 v 1264 1327 a Fi(2)p Fe(e)p 1264 1348 47 2 v 1269 1392 a(R)1315 1359 y(;)-104 1483 y Fi(where)20 b Fe(e)g Fi(is)f(the)h(observ)m(atory's)e(elev)m(ation)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)i(its)e (surroundin)o(gs)f(and)h Fe(R)j Fi(is)e(the)g(radius)e(of)j(the)f(earth.)32 b(In)-104 1540 y(principle,)20 b(a)h(more)g(accurate)g(correction)e(w)o(ould) h(sim)o(ultan)o(eousl)o(y)e(consider)i(the)h(e\013ect)g(of)g(elev)m(ation)e (on)i(the)-104 1598 y(refraction)16 b(\(although)e(this)h(do)q(esn't)i(mak)o (e)g(a)h(great)e(deal)h(of)g(di\013erence)f({)i(see)f(B.)h(E.)g(Sc)o(haefer)e (and)h(W.)h(Liller,)-104 1655 y(1990,)i(P)l(ASP)l(,)g(102,)g(796,)g(T)l(able) f(4\).)31 b(In)19 b(extreme)g(cases)g(\(Mauna)e(Kea!\))32 b(the)18 b(horizon)g(correction)f(can)i(a\013ect)-104 1712 y(rise/set)c(times)f(b)o(y) i(some)f(10)h(min)o(utes.)-8 1819 y(Sp)q(ot)k(c)o(hec)o(ks)g(Sc)o(haefer)f (and)h(Liller's)e(table)h(of)h Fg(observe)n(d)h Fi(times)e(of)i(sunset)e(for) h(Mauna)f(Kea)i(and)f(Cerro)-104 1876 y(T)l(ololo)e(ga)o(v)o(e)g(\(for)f(the) h(most)f(part\))g(agreemen)o(t)g(to)h(within)e(ab)q(out)h(a)i(min)o(ute;)e (refraction)g(v)m(ariations)e(preclude)-104 1933 y(more)24 b(accurate)f(prediction.)42 b(The)24 b(observ)m(atory)f(elev)m(ation)f(ab)q (o)o(v)o(e)h(its)f(surroundin)o(gs)f(is)i(used)g(only)g(in)f(the)-104 1991 y(rise/set)c(computations;)g(the)h(barycen)o(tric)e(corrections)g(and)i (the)f(top)q(o)q(cen)o(tric)f(correction)h(for)g(the)h(mo)q(on)g(use)-104 2048 y(the)d(observ)m(atory's)g(elev)m(ation)e(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)i(sea)g(lev)o (el,)g(whic)o(h)f(is)g(a)i(separate)e(parameter.)21 b(Th)o(us)16 b(the)f(elev)m(ation)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)-104 2105 y(the)h(horizon)e(ma)o(y)i(b) q(e)g(adjusted)e(to)i(\014t)f(lo)q(cal)h(circumstances.)k(The)c(NO)o(A)o(O)g (Newsletter)f(tables)g(for)g(Kitt)g(P)o(eak,)-104 2163 y(for)g(instance,)g (ha)o(v)o(e)f(sometimes)h(included)d(a)k(correction)e(of)h(sev)o(eral)g(h)o (undred)e(meters)i(\(smaller)e(than)i(the)g(2)h(km)-104 2220 y(elev)m(ation)e(of)h(the)g(observ)m(atory\),)f(the)h(purp)q(ose)f(b)q(eing)g (to)h(correct)g(appro)o(ximatel)o(y)e(for)i(the)f(fact)h(that)f(Kitt)g(P)o (eak)-104 2277 y(is)i(higher)d(than)i(most)g(of)g(the)g(moun)o(tains)e(whic)o (h)h(de\014ne)h(its)g(horizon.)-8 2384 y(A)o(t)g(v)o(ery)i(high)d(latitudes,) g(where)i(the)g(mo)q(on)g(and)f(sun)g(graze)i(the)e(horizon,)g(the)h(program) e(is)i(less)f(accurate)-104 2441 y(since)j(it)f(iterates)f(the)i(rising,)e (setting,)h(and)g(t)o(wiligh)o(t)e(times)i(un)o(til)e(the)i(altitude)e(of)j (the)g(ob)s(ject)e(is)i(within)e(0)p Fe(:)p Fi(1)1975 2424 y Fb(\016)-104 2498 y Fi(of)22 b(the)f(desired)f(altitude.)37 b(The)22 b(rise)f(and)f(set)i(algorithms)c(are)k(serviceable)f(at)g(circump)q (olar)e(latitudes)g(\(see)-104 2555 y(the)h(section)e(on)h(geographical)e (limitati)o(on)o(s)g(b)q(elo)o(w\),)j(but)f(b)q(ecome)h(increasingl)o(y)d (unreliable)g(within)g(a)j(couple)-104 2613 y(of)d(degrees)f(of)g(the)h(p)q (oles,)f(where)h(they)f(are)h(useless)e(\(at)h(the)g(p)q(oles,)h(the)f (diurnal)d(rotation)h(do)q(es)j(not)f(a\013ect)g(the)-104 2670 y(altitudes)d(of)i(ob)s(jects\)!)923 2785 y(24)p eop %%Page: 25 25 bop -8 48 a Fi(The)18 b Fg(lunar)h(sky)f(brightness)e Fi(con)o(tributi)o(on)e (is)j(estimated)e(if)h(the)h(sun)g(is)f(w)o(ell)h(do)o(wn)f(\(b)q(eneath)g Ff(\000)p Fi(9)i(degrees)-104 105 y(altitude\))e Fg(and)k Fi(b)q(oth)e(the)g (mo)q(on)h(and)f(the)g(ob)s(ject)g(are)h(in)e(the)i(sky)l(.)31 b(This)18 b(calculation)e(follo)o(ws)h(K.)i(Krisciunas)-104 162 y(and)c(B.)h(E.)g(Sc)o(haefer)f(\(1991\))f(P)l(ASP)i(103,)g(1033.)21 b(The)16 b(calculatio)o(n)d(will)h(not)g(b)q(e)i(ev)o(en)g(roughly)d (accurate)i(unless)-104 220 y(the)g(sky)g(is)f(quite)g(clear;)h(haze,)g (cloud,)f(or)h(ev)o(en)f(v)o(olcanic)g(aerosols)f(high)g(in)h(the)g (atmosphere)f(can)i(greatly)f(a\013ect)-104 277 y(the)h(scattered)f(mo)q (onligh)o(t)o(!)k(T)l(o)e(the)e(Krisciunas)e(and)i(Sc)o(haefer)g(mo)q(del)g (I'v)o(e)h(added)f(a)h(correction)e(for)h(v)m(ariations)-104 334 y(in)j(the)f(apparen)o(t)f(size)i(of)g(the)g(mo)q(on)g(and)f(an)h (extremely)g(crude)f(mo)q(del)h(of)f(the)h(`opp)q(osition)d(e\013ect',)19 b(the)d(surge)-104 391 y(of)e(brigh)o(tness)d(just)i(around)f(full)g(mo)q (on.)21 b(This)13 b(is)h(mo)q(deled)f(as)h(a)g(35)g(p)q(er)g(cen)o(t)g(brigh) o(teni)o(n)o(g)e(at)i(full)e(mo)q(on,)i(whic)o(h)-104 449 y(tap)q(ers)h (linearly)f(in)g(phase)h(and)g(go)q(es)h(to)f(zero)h(at)f(7)h(degrees)g(from) f(full)e(mo)q(on.)21 b(The)16 b(co)q(de)g(do)q(es)g(c)o(hec)o(k)f(for)g Fg(lunar)-104 506 y(e)n(clipses)p Fi(,)22 b(but)f(mak)o(es)g(no)f(attempt)g (to)h(accoun)o(t)f(for)h(their)e(e\013ect)j(on)f(the)g(sky)g(brigh)o(tness.) 35 b(It)22 b(do)q(es)f(prin)o(t)e(a)-104 563 y(disclaimer)c(if)h(the)g(mo)q (on)h(is)f(in)g(eclipse.)24 b(The)18 b(brigh)o(tn)o(ess)c(calculation)g (assumes)i(a)h(zenith)f(extinction)e(of)j(0.172)-104 621 y(mag)d(in)e Fe(V)e Fi(,)15 b(t)o(ypical)c(of)i(the)g(2800)g(m)g(lev)o(el)g(on)g(Mauna)f (Kea.)21 b(Results)12 b(are)h(rep)q(orted)g(as)g(equiv)m(alen)o(t)e Fe(V)24 b Fi(magnitude)-104 678 y(p)q(er)16 b(square)f(arcsecond;)g(for)g (comparison,)e(the)i(zenith)f(nigh)o(t-sky)f(brigh)o(tness)f(in)j(a)g(dark)g (site)g(is)g(quite)f(v)m(ariable,)-104 735 y(but)j(is)f(v)o(ery)i(roughly)e (21.5)h(mag)g(p)q(er)h(square)f(arcsec)g(in)g Fe(V)10 b Fi(.)27 b Fg(These)19 b(estimates)e(should)i(b)n(e)f(useful)g(for)g(planning)-104 792 y(purp)n(oses,)f(but)f(unlike)h(some)g(of)g(the)g(other)h(r)n(esults)d (in)i(this)f(pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am)h(they)h(ar)n(e)f(unlikely)g(to)g(b)n(e)g(very) g(pr)n(e)n(cise.)-8 897 y Fi(Similar)d(cautions)h(apply)h(to)h(the)g(zenith)f (t)o(wiligh)o(t)e(brigh)o(tn)o(ess.)24 b(This)16 b(is)h(based)f(on)h(a)h(p)q (olynomial)c(\014t)j(to)g(a)-104 954 y(graph)d(on)g(p.)21 b(38)14 b(of)g(A.)h(and)f(M.)h(Meinel's)e(lo)o(v)o(ely)g(b)q(o)q(ok)i Fg(Sunsets,)f(Twilights,)h(and)h(Evening)g(Skies)e Fi(\(Cam)o(bridge:)-104 1012 y(1983\).)33 b(Comparison)17 b(with)i(measuremen)o(ts)f(b)o(y)h(E.)i(V.) f(Ash)o(burn,)e Fg(Journ)j(Ge)n(ophys)g(Rsch)p Fi(,)f(v.57,)i(p.85,)e(1952\)) -104 1069 y(sho)o(ws)f(that)e(the)h(\014t)g(pro)o(vides)f(a)h(fair)g(matc)o (h)f(to)h(the)g(observ)o(ed)g(t)o(wiligh)o(t)d(in)j(the)g Fg(blue)g Fi(\(4400)1664 1060 y(\027)1664 1069 y(A\);)h(the)f Fe(V)29 b Fi(band)-104 1126 y(is)17 b(ab)q(out)g(a)g(magnitude)e(fain)o(ter,)h(and)h Fe(I)k Fi(should)16 b(b)q(e)i(a)f(little)e(fain)o(ter)g(still.)24 b(The)18 b(zero)g(p)q(oin)o(t)e(of)h(this)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g({)-104 1183 y(the)f(dark)g(nigh)o(t)e(sky)i({)g(is)g(quite)f(problematic,)f(but)h (the)g(dep)q(endence)h(on)f(the)h(sun's)f(zenith)g(distance)g(should)e(b)q(e) -104 1241 y(reasonably)17 b(accurate.)28 b(Ash)o(burn's)15 b(data)i(w)o(ere)i(tak)o(en)e(from)h(a)g(California)d(moun)o(tain)g(site)i (at)h(an)f(elev)m(ation)g(of)-104 1298 y(1653)f(meters)f(\(5415)g(feet\).) -104 1427 y Fg(The)j(Planets.)-8 1544 y Fi(The)23 b(purp)q(ose)f(of)h(the)f (planetary)f(calculation)o(s)f(is)j(not)f(to)g(giv)o(e)h(de\014niti)o(v)o(e)e (p)q(ositions)f(\(whic)o(h)h(are)i(no)o(w)-104 1602 y(deriv)o(ed)e(from)g(n)o (umerical)e(in)o(tegrati)o(ons)o(\))g(but)h(to)i(giv)o(e)f(rough)f(p)q (ositions)f(for)i(planning)e(purp)q(oses)h(\()p Fg(e.)38 b(g.,)22 b Fi(is)-104 1659 y(Jupiter)13 b(visible?)19 b(Is)c(it)g(close)g(to)g(m)o(y)g (ob)s(ject?\).)k(If)c(y)o(ou)g(really)f(need)h(to)g(p)q(oin)o(t)e(blindly)g (exactly)i(at)g(a)g(planet,)f(get)-104 1716 y(another)h(program)f(or)h (consult)f(the)h Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)i(A)o(lmanac!)-8 1821 y Fi(The)g(p)q(ositions)d(are)j(computed)e(using)g(form)o(ulae)f(from)i(the)g (1992)g Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)i(A)o(lmanac)g Fi(\(p.)24 b(E4\).)g(The)-104 1878 y(input)15 b(data)h(are)g(heterogeneous.)23 b(F)l(or)16 b(the)h(planets)d(through)h(Mars,)h(the)h(program)e(uses)h(mean)g(elemen)o (ts)g(from)-104 1935 y(the)21 b(old)g Fg(Explanatory)j(Supplement)i Fi(to)21 b(the)g(Nautical)e(Almanac.)37 b(These)21 b(giv)o(e)g(v)o(ery)h(go)q (o)q(d)f(results)e(\(usually)-104 1993 y(less)i(than)e(1)i(arcmin\))e(for)h (the)h(inferior)d(planets)h(and)g(satisfactory)g(results)g(\(a)h(few)i (arcmin\))d(for)h(Mars.)36 b(F)l(or)-104 2050 y(the)22 b(outer)f(planets)f (\(Jupiter)f(through)h(Neptune\),)h(the)h(input)d(data)i(are)h(from)f(Jean)h (Meeus')g Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)-104 2107 y(F)l(ormulae)e(for)f(Calculators)p Fi(,)g(Third)d(Editions)f(\(1985,)i(Willman-Bel)o(l)o(:)22 b(Ric)o(hmond\).)h(The)18 b(outer)e(planets)f(ha)o(v)o(e)-104 2164 y(suc)o(h)g(large)h(m)o(utual)d(attractions)g(that)i(satisfactory)e(p)q (ositions)g(can)j(only)f(b)q(e)h(had)f(b)o(y)h(includi)o(ng)d(a)j(fair)f(n)o (um)o(b)q(er)-104 2222 y(of)21 b(p)q(erturbatio)o(n)d(terms;)23 b(I)e(ha)o(v)o(e)f(included)e(the)i(largest)f(ones)h(from)g(Meeus')h(Chapter) f(24.)36 b(The)21 b(results)e(are)-104 2279 y(generally)e(go)q(o)q(d)g(to)h (ab)q(out)e(0.1)i(degree)g(for)f(Jupiter,)f(and)h(to)h(a)g(few)g(ten)o(ths)e (of)h(a)h(degree)g(for)f(Saturn,)f(Uran)o(us,)-104 2336 y(and)i(Neptune.)29 b(F)l(or)18 b(Pluto,)h(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(simply)f(adopted)g(the)h(osculating)d (elemen)o(ts)j(for)g(1992.)29 b(These)19 b(giv)o(e)g(v)o(ery)-104 2394 y(go)q(o)q(d)d(p)q(ositions)d(for)i(1992,)h(whic)o(h)e(slo)o(wly)h (deteriorate)e(the)j(farther)e(one)h(gets)h(from)e(this)g(date.)-8 2498 y(The)21 b(planetary)d(p)q(ositions)g(are)i(used)g(in)g(t)o(w)o(o)f(w)o (a)o(ys.)36 b(They)21 b(can)f(b)q(e)h(prin)o(ted)d(out)h(in)h(a)g(table)g (using)e(the)-104 2555 y(option)g Fh(m)p Fi(,)j(whic)o(h)d(stands)g(for)h (\\ma)s(jor)f(planets")g(\(\\p")g(is)h(already)f(used)h(for)g(prop)q(er)g (motion\).)30 b(More)19 b(subtly)l(,)-104 2613 y(when)d(one)g(prin)o(ts)d (circumstances)g(using)h(the)h Fh(=)h Fi(command,)f(the)g(program)f(computes) h(the)g(planetary)f(p)q(ositions)-104 2670 y(and)g(c)o(hec)o(ks)h(to)f(see)h (if)e(y)o(our)h(curren)o(t)f(RA)i(and)e(dec)i(are)g(within)d(3)j(degrees)f (of)g(an)o(y)g(ma)s(jor)g(planet.)19 b(If)14 b(they)h(are,)g(it)923 2785 y(25)p eop %%Page: 26 26 bop -104 48 a Fi(w)o(arns)15 b(y)o(ou.)20 b(The)c(idea)e(here)g(is)h(to)f(a)o (v)o(oid)g(trying)f(to)h(observ)o(e)h(some)g(fain)o(t)d(ob)s(ject)i(with,)h (sa)o(y)l(,)g(Jupiter)d(righ)o(t)h(next)-104 105 y(to)j(it;)g(the)g(3-degree) g(tolerance)f(w)o(as)h(c)o(hosen)f(as)h(b)q(eing)f(ab)q(out)g(the)h(radius)e (of)i(a)g(Sc)o(hmidt)e(plate.)21 b(F)l(or)c(asteroids,)-104 162 y(y)o(ou're)f(on)f(y)o(our)g(o)o(wn!)-104 306 y Fg(Ge)n(o)n(gr)n(aphic)n (al)j(limitations.)-8 434 y Fi(The)d(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa)o(vings)h(time)h (con)o(v)o(en)o(tions)e(used)i(are)h(limited)d(to)j(those)f(whic)o(h)g(are)h (co)q(ded.)21 b(If)15 b(y)o(ou)f(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)-104 491 y(extend)e(these)g (to)g(use)f(at)h(other)f(sites)g(y)o(ou)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)f(co)q(de)i(the)e (new)i(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)c(in)o(to)h(the)i(program)f(and)g(assign)f(it)i(a) -104 548 y(n)o(umerical)g(co)q(de;)k(negativ)o(e)d(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(refer)i (to)g(southern)f(sites)g(\(da)o(yligh)n(t)f(sa)o(vings)g(in,)i(for)g (instance)f(Decem)o(b)q(er\))-104 606 y(and)i(p)q(ositiv)o(e)f(to)h(northern) f(sites.)20 b(The)c(routine)e(to)h(mo)q(dify)f(is)h(called)g Fh(find)p 1314 606 16 2 v 18 w(dst)p 1407 606 V 18 w(bounds)p Fi(.)-8 718 y(The)k(algorithms)c(used)j(for)g(rising)e(and)i(setting)f(w)o (ork)h(at)h(tropical)d(and)h(temp)q(erate)h(latitudes,)f(and)g(ha)o(v)o(e) -104 775 y(b)q(een)g(retro\014tted)d(to)i(w)o(ork)g(at)g(v)o(ery)h(high)d (latitude.)20 b(As)d(noted)e(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e,)h(rise/set)f(times)g(are)i(not)e (as)h(accurate)g(at)-104 832 y(circump)q(olar)d(latitud)o(es)g(as)i(they)f (are)h(closer)g(to)f(the)h(equator,)f(and)g(they)h(are)g(meaningless)d(at)j (the)f(geographical)-104 890 y(p)q(oles.)31 b(The)19 b(co)q(de)g(has)g(not)f (b)q(een)h(tested)f(exhaustiv)o(ely)f(at)h(v)o(ery)h(high)f(latitud)o(es,)f (nor)i(has)f(it)g(b)q(een)h(tested)f(at)-104 947 y(length)e(in)g(the)h (southern)e(or)i(eastern)f(hemispheres,)f(but)h(there)h(are)g(no)g(reasons)f (for)g(exp)q(ecting)h(it)f(w)o(on't)h(w)o(ork)-104 1004 y(there.)31 b(Problems)17 b(with)h(computation)e(of)i(mo)q(onrise,)h(etc.,)h(whic)o(h)e (should)e(arise)i(only)g(at)h(extreme)g(latitud)o(es,)-104 1061 y(are)d(announced)e(b)o(y)h(a)h(message)f(reading)92 1173 y Fh("Moonrise)26 b(or)f(-set)g(calculation)h(not)f(converging!!".)-8 1285 y Fi(These)19 b(problems)e(can)i(arise)f(b)q(ecause)h(at)f(v)o(ery)h (high)f(latitud)o(es,)f(phenomena)g(suc)o(h)h(as)h(sunrise,)f(t)o(wiligh)o(t) o(,)-104 1343 y(and)d(mo)q(onrise)e(do)i(not)f(alw)o(a)o(ys)h(o)q(ccur.)21 b(Th)o(us)14 b(the)h(almanac)e(section)h(of)h(the)g(program)e(tests)i(that)f (eac)o(h)g(of)h(these)-104 1400 y(phenomena)e(are)h(lik)o(ely)f(to)g(o)q (ccur)i(b)q(efore)e(attempting)f(to)h(compute)g(when)i(they)e(do)h(o)q(ccur.) 21 b(In)14 b(this)f(test,)h(it)f(uses)-104 1457 y(the)h(declination)d(of)j (the)f(relev)m(an)o(t)g(b)q(o)q(dy)h(computed)f(for)h(lo)q(cal)f(midnigh)n (t;)f(this)h(can)h(cause)g(a)g(mistak)o(e,)f(esp)q(ecially)-104 1515 y(for)j(the)f(mo)q(on,)g(whic)o(h)g(can)g(c)o(hange)g(declination)d (quic)o(kly)l(.)20 b(This)15 b(should)f(seldom)g(b)q(e)i(imp)q(ortan)o(t.) -104 1658 y Fg(Pr)n(e)n(c)n(ession.)-8 1786 y Fi(The)f(precession)d (algorithm)f(is)j(co)q(ded)g(directly)e(from)i(L.)g(T)l(a\013)t('s)h(v)o(ery) f(useful)e(b)q(o)q(ok)j Fg(Computational)i(Spher-)-104 1843 y(ic)n(al)e(Astr)n(onomy)f Fi(\(Wiley\).)19 b(It)13 b(uses)g(a)h(rotation)d (matrix,)h(whic)o(h)h(w)o(orks)g(correctly)g(at)g(the)g(p)q(oles,)g(and)f (giv)o(es)h(mean)-104 1901 y(p)q(ositions)e(go)q(o)q(d)j(to)f(less)g(than)f (1)i(arcsec)g(in)f(50)g(y)o(ears.)20 b(It)14 b(giv)o(es)f(the)g(same)h(answ)o (ers)f(as)g(the)g(IRAF)i(routine)c(to)i(this)-104 1958 y(accuracy;)k(also)e (the)h(set)g(of)f(test)h(co)q(ordinates)e(giv)o(en)h(b)o(y)g(Smith)f(et)i (al.)22 b(\(1989,)16 b(A.)g(J.)g(97,)h(265\))e(w)o(as)h(repro)q(duced)-104 2015 y(to)i(within)e(1)j(arcsec)f(accuracy)h(\(except)f(for)f(prop)q(er)h (motions)e(near)i(the)f(p)q(oles\).)28 b(The)19 b(presen)o(t)e(v)o(ersion)f (of)i(the)-104 2073 y(program)h(uses)g(the)g(IA)o(U)g(1976)g(precession)f (parameters.)32 b(The)20 b(program)e(ignores)g(suc)o(h)g(distincti)o(ons)e (as)k(that)-104 2130 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)c(B1950.0)f(and)g(1950)g(Jan)g(1;)h (these)g(are)f(unimp)q(ortan)n(t)e(at)i(this)f(lev)o(el)h(of)g(accuracy)l(.) -8 2242 y(Note)20 b(that)f(this)g(program)g(do)q(es)h Fg(not)h Fi(compute)e(the)h(complete)f(apparen)o(t)f(place)i(\(includi)o(n)o(g)e(ab)q (erration,)-104 2299 y(n)o(utation,)c(refraction,)h(what)i(y)o(ou)f(had)g (for)g(breakfast,)g(etc.\).)24 b(If)17 b(y)o(ou)f(need)g(this,)g(or)g(if)g(y) o(ou)g(need)h(to)f(transform)-104 2356 y(co)q(ordinates)21 b(at)h(greatly)f(sub-arcsecond)f(accuracy)j(\(as)f(in)f(transformin)o(g)f (astrometric)g(catalogs)h(on)o(to)g(eac)o(h)-104 2414 y(other\),)e(use)g (another)e(program!)29 b(Also)18 b(note)g(that)g(b)q(ecause)g(of)h (re\014nemen)o(ts)e(in)g(the)i(reference)f(frame,)i(prop)q(er)-104 2471 y(motions)14 b(should)g(in)h(principl)o(e)f(b)q(e)i(transformed)d(at)j (the)f(same)h(time)f(as)h(co)q(ordinates)e(\()p Fg(e.)21 b(g.)p Fi(,)c(in)d(up)q(dating)g(from)-104 2528 y(B1950)i(to)f(J2000\);)g(the)g (curren)o(t)f(program)g(ignores)g(this.)923 2785 y(26)p eop %%Page: 27 27 bop -104 48 a Fg(L)n(o)n(c)n(al)17 b(Me)n(an)g(Sider)n(e)n(al)g(Time.)-8 182 y Fi(Strictly)e(sp)q(eaking,)h(the)h(lo)q(cal)f(sidereal)f(time)h(equals) g(the)h(hour)f(angle)g(of)h(the)g(v)o(ernal)e(equino)o(x;)i(the)g Fg(me)n(an)-104 239 y Fi(sidereal)d(time)g(computed)g(here)i(is)e(sligh)o (tly)e(di\013eren)o(t,)i(b)q(ecause)h(the)g(e\013ect)h(of)f(n)o(utation)d(on) j(the)g(lo)q(cation)e(of)i(the)-104 297 y(equino)o(x)g(is)g(not)g(included.)j (This)d(correction)f(is)h(called)f(the)h(`equation)f(of)i(the)f(equino)o (xes',)g(whic)o(h)f(is)h(tablulated)-104 354 y(in)20 b(the)f Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)i(A)o(lmanac)p Fi(;)j(it's)c(generally)e(less)h(than)g (2)h(sec.)35 b(The)21 b(algorithm)c(used)i(here)h(is)g(based)f(on)-104 411 y(form)o(ulae)f(and)i(pro)q(cedures)f(explained)f(in)h(the)g(1992)h Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)h(A)o(lmanac)p Fi(,)i(pp.)34 b(B7)20 b(and)f(L2.)35 b(T)l(ests)20 b(for)-104 468 y(the)e(longitude)e(of)i(Green)o (wic)o(h)f(in)h(1992)g(giv)o(e)g(agreemen)o(t)f(with)h(the)g(Astronomical)d (Almanac)i(tables)g(of)h Fg(me)n(an)-104 526 y Fi(sidereal)c(time)g(to)h (within)e(a)j(few)f(msec.)22 b(Also,)14 b(the)h(IRAF)h(routine)d(giv)o(es)i (the)g(same)g(answ)o(ers)f(to)h(within)e(0.1)j(sec.)-104 583 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)j(strictly)d(sp)q(eaking)h(this)f(accuracy)i(will)f (obtain)f(only)h(if)g(y)o(our)g(input)f(time)h(is)h(based)f(on)g(the)h (correct)-104 640 y(t)o(yp)q(e)f(of)f(UT;)h(UTC)h(\(broadcast)c(b)o(y)i (WWV\))g(is)g(tied)g(to)g(atomic)f(time)h(and)f(is)h(corrected)g(b)o(y)g (whole)g(seconds)g(to)-104 698 y(agree)j(with)e(earth)h(rotation.)27 b(If)18 b(y)o(our)g(input)e(is)i(based)f(on)h(UTC)i(\(as)d(all)g(civil)g (time)h(is\),)g(the)g(computed)f(lo)q(cal)-104 755 y(mean)f(sidereal)e(time)g (will)g(b)q(e)i(incorrect)f(b)o(y)g(UT)h Ff(\000)g Fi(UTC,)h(whic)o(h)e(is)g (less)g(than)f(a)i(second.)-104 907 y Fg(Par)n(al)r(lactic)j(A)o(ngle.)-8 1041 y Fi(This)j(quan)o(tit)o(y)d({)k(the)f(p)q(osition)d(angle)j(of)g(a)g (great)g(circle)g(connecting)e(the)i(ob)s(ject)f(to)h(the)g(zenith)f({)h(is) -104 1099 y(sometimes)e(used)h(for)f(setting)f(a)j(sp)q(ectrograph)d(slit)g (along)h(the)h(angle)f(of)g(atmospheric)f(disp)q(ersion.)35 b(Its)21 b(use)-104 1156 y(and)f(imp)q(ortance)e(are)h(describ)q(ed)g(b)o(y)g (Alexei)h(Filipp)q(enk)n(o)d(\(1982,)k(P)l(ASP)l(,)g(94,)g(715\).)33 b(Note)20 b(that)e(it)h(generally)-104 1213 y(is)e(not)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e (unless)h(y)o(ou)h(are)g(at)g(least)g(somewhat)g(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)g(from)g(the)g (zenith)f({)i(Filipp)q(enk)o(o)c(tabulates)h(the)-104 1271 y(disp)q(ersion.)j(The)c(angle)f(is)g(tric)o(ky)g(to)g(calculate)f(b)q (ecause)i(of)g(subtleti)o(es)d(in)i(the)g(c)o(hoice)g(of)h(the)f(ro)q(ot)g (of)h(an)f(in)o(v)o(erse)-104 1328 y(trig)18 b(function.)28 b(A)19 b(careful)e(comparison)g(with)h(Filipp)q(enk)o(o's)e(tables)h(o)o(v)o (er)h(a)h(large)f(range)h(of)f(hour)g(angles)g(and)-104 1385 y(declinations)11 b(ga)o(v)o(e)i(complete)g(agreemen)o(t.)19 b(Note)14 b(that)f(some)h(applicati)o(on)o(s)d(\(suc)o(h)i(as)g(sp)q (ectrograph)f(slit)g(angles\))-104 1442 y(are)i(indi\013eren)n(t)c(to)j (180-degree)f(rotations)e(of)j(this)e(quan)o(tit)o(y;)h(the)g(an)o(tiparall)o (el)d(angle)j(\(parallacti)o(c)f Ff(\006)p Fi(180\))h(is)h(also)-104 1500 y(giv)o(en,)i(in)g(square)g(brac)o(k)o(ets.)-104 1652 y Fg(Baryc)n(entric)i(\(`Helio)n(c)n(entric'\))d(Corr)n(e)n(ctions)-8 1786 y Fi(The)j(algorithm)o(s)d(used)h(for)h(the)f(earth's)h(orbit)e(are)i (deriv)o(ed)f(from)h(the)f(solar)g(ephemeris,)g(whic)o(h)g(in)h(turn)e(is) -104 1844 y(from)j(Jean)f(Meeus')h Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)h(F)l(ormulae)i(for) e(Calculators)p Fi(,)h(pp.)24 b(79)p Fg(\013)10 b Fi(.)25 b(It)17 b(uses)g(an)g(ellipti)o(cal)d(earth)i(orbit)-104 1901 y(and)k(a)h(few)g(of)f (the)g(most)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)d(p)q(erturbation)o(s.)33 b(The)21 b(correction)e(to)h(the)g(solar)f(system)h(barycen)o(ter)f(is)-104 1958 y(also)f(included,)f(using)g(the)h(same)g(planetary)f(calculatio)o(ns)f (discussed)g(earlier.)28 b(The)19 b(earth's)f(diurnal)d(rotation)-104 2015 y(\(assuming)h(an)i(ellipsoi)o(dal)c(earth)j(and)h(includi)o(ng)d(the)j (observ)m(atory's)f(elev)m(ation\))f(is)i(included)d(in)i(the)h(v)o(elo)q (cit)o(y)-104 2073 y(calculation,)13 b(but)h(the)h(time-of-\015igh)n(t)d (across)j(the)g(earth's)f(radius)g(\()p Ff(\030)h Fi(0.02)g(sec\))h(is)f(not) f(included.)19 b(Meeus')c(solar)-104 2130 y(theory)22 b(do)q(es)f(include)f (a)i(rough)e(correction)h(for)g(the)g(recoil)g(of)g(the)g(earth)g(due)h(to)f (the)g(mo)q(on.)40 b(P)o(ainstaking)-104 2187 y(comparison)15 b(with)h(the)h(tables)f(of)g(p)q(osition)f(and)h(v)o(elo)q(cit)o(y)g(of)h (the)f(earth)h(in)f(the)g Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al)j(A)o(lmanac)f Fi(sho)o(w)-104 2245 y(that)11 b(the)h(time)f(correction)f(is)i(generally)e (go)q(o)q(d)i(to)g Fe(<)h Fi(0)p Fe(:)p Fi(2)f(sec)h(and)e(the)h(v)o(elo)q (cit)o(y)e(to)i(b)q(etter)f(than)g(5)h(m/s.)20 b(The)12 b(most)-104 2302 y(demanding)i(application)o(s,)g(suc)o(h)i(as)h(analyses)e(of)i(pulsar)d (timing)g(and)i(doppler-based)d(searc)o(hes)j(for)g(extrasolar)-104 2359 y(planets,)e(will)h(require)f(b)q(etter)h(accuracy)l(,)h(but)f(this)f (should)f(b)q(e)j(adequate)f(for)g(almost)f(ev)o(ery)o(one)i(else.)923 2785 y(27)p eop %%Page: 28 28 bop -104 48 a Fg(Galactic)18 b(and)g(Ecliptic)f(Co)n(or)n(dinates.)-8 176 y Fi(The)23 b(galactic)d(co)q(ordinates)h(conform)g(strictly)f(to)i(the)f (IA)o(U)h(de\014nition)d(and)i(agree)i(closely)e(with)g(those)-104 233 y(computed)d(b)o(y)h(IRAF;)h(they)f(are)g(based)f(on)h(a)g(rotation)e (matrix)h(and)g(do)h(not)f(su\013er)h(am)o(bigui)o(ti)o(es)e(due)h(to)h(the) -104 291 y(ro)q(ots)c(of)f(in)o(v)o(erse)g(trig)f(functions.)19 b(The)c(input)d(co)q(ordinates)h(are)i(precessed)g(to)f(1950)h(b)q(efore)f(b) q(eing)g(transformed)-104 348 y(to)19 b(galactic,)g(whic)o(h)f(in)o(tro)q (duces)e(a)k(sligh)o(t)c(uncertain)o(t)n(y)l(.)29 b(If)19 b(1950)g(input)e (co)q(ordinates)g(are)i(supplied,)e(the)i(only)-104 405 y(source)k(of)g (error)f(should)f(b)q(e)i(double-precisi)o(on)c(roundo\013)t(!)41 b(The)24 b(ecliptic)c(co)q(ordinates)h(should)g(b)q(e)i(go)q(o)q(d)g(to)-104 463 y Fe(<)14 b Fi(0)p Fe(:)p Fi(001)i(degrees.)-104 607 y Fg(BUGS)h(and)h(other)g(ungr)n(ac)n(eful)d(b)n(ehavior.)-8 735 y Fi(I)f(actually)d(don't)h(kno)o(w)h(of)g(an)o(y)f(real)h(bugs)f(\(!\),) h(but)f(the)h(program)f(can)h(b)q(eha)o(v)o(e)f(in)g(a)i(p)q(eculiar)d (fashion)g(giv)o(en)-104 793 y(some)16 b(inputs.)-8 905 y(If)11 b(y)o(ou)g(depart)f(from)h(the)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)f(input)f(formats,)i(y)o(ou)g (can)g(get)h(p)q(eculiar)d(b)q(eha)o(vior.)18 b(Some)11 b(error)g(c)o(hec)o (king)-104 962 y(is)j(done,)g(and)f(some)h(prompting)d(is)i(giv)o(en)g(in)g (some)h(cases)h(where)f(really)f(unexp)q(ected)g(input)f(is)h(found,)g(but)g (these)-104 1020 y(routines)h(are)i(less)f(than)f(p)q(erfect.)21 b(It)16 b(is)f(di\016cult)e(to)i(crash)g(the)g(program)f(or)i(force)f(it)g (in)o(to)f(an)h(in\014nite)e(lo)q(op.)-8 1132 y(The)21 b(sp)q(eci\014cation)d (of)j(times)e(and)h(dates)g(is)g(a)h(littl)o(e)e(ungraceful)f(\(see)j(the)f (discussion)o(s)e(of)i(the)h Fh(g)g Fi(and)e Fh(n)-104 1189 y Fi(options)14 b(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e\);)h(the)h(`nigh)o(t)d(date')j(option)e (patc)o(hes)g(one)i(p)q(oten)o(tial)o(ly)d(confusing)g(condition)g(with)i (another.)20 b(T)l(o)-104 1247 y(some)h(exten)o(t)f(these)h(confusions)d(are) j(inevitabl)o(e;)h(astronomers)c(are)j(forced)g(to)f(w)o(ork)h(at)g(nigh)o (t,)f(when)g(dates)-104 1304 y(c)o(hange)h(to)h(suit)e(the)h(con)o(v)o (enience)g(of)g(ev)o(ery)o(one)h(else!)39 b(The)23 b(de\014niti)o(on)c(of)i (JD,)i(with)e(its)f(infernal)f(half-step)-104 1361 y(di\013erence)d(against)f (UT)i(dates,)g(is)f(a)h(historical)c(example)j(of)g(an)h(ill-consi)o(der)o (ed)d(attempt)h(to)i(get)f(around)f(these)-104 1418 y(di\016culties.)-8 1531 y(In)h(former)g(v)o(ersions,)f(the)h(da)o(y)g(and)g(date)g(could)f(in)h (principl)o(e)e(disagree)h(within)f(a)j(v)o(ery)g(close)f(tolerance)f(of)-104 1588 y(midnigh)o(t)o(.)j(I)c(b)q(eliev)o(e)f(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(eliminated)d (the)j(p)q(ossibili)o(t)o(y)d(of)j(this)f(b)o(y)h(using)f(the)h(same)g (truncation)d(of)k(the)f(Julian)-104 1645 y(date)j(to)f(deriv)o(e)g(the)g(da) o(y)g(and)g(the)g(date.)-8 1758 y(The)j(con)o(v)o(ersion)d(from)h(lo)q(cal)g (to)h(UT)h(is)e(tric)o(ky)h(around)e(the)i(time)f(when)h(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa) o(vings)i(time)g(c)o(hanges)-104 1815 y(to)e(standard)e(and)i Fg(vic)n(e)g(versa)p Fi(.)21 b(The)15 b(b)q(eha)o(vior)e(has)g(b)q(een)i (rationali)o(zed)c(in)j(recen)o(t)f(v)o(ersions,)g(but)g(it's)h(still)d(tric) o(ky)l(.)-104 1872 y(The)21 b(hour)f(when)g(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(time)i(c)o (hanges)h(bac)o(k)g(to)g(standard)e(time)h(is)h(am)o(biguous)d({)k(there)f (is)f(a)i(default)d(to)-104 1930 y(standard)j(time)h(whic)o(h)f(ma)o(y)i(not) f(b)q(e)h(what)f(the)g(user)g(w)o(an)o(ts.)42 b(The)23 b(user)f(is)g(w)o (arned)g(if)g(there)g(migh)o(t)f(b)q(e)i(a)-104 1987 y(problem.)28 b(Con)o(v)o(ersion)17 b(from)g(UT)i(to)g(lo)q(cal)e(app)q(ears)h(to)g(b)q(e)h (rigorousl)o(y)d(correct,)k(so)e(sp)q(ecifying)e(times)i(as)g(UT)-104 2044 y(when)e(there)f(is)g(a)h(problem)e(should)f(get)j(around)e(an)o(y)h (di\016culti)o(es.)-8 2157 y(After)e(y)o(ou)g(t)o(yp)q(e)h Fh(g)g Fi(to)g(toggle)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(green)o(wic)o(h)g(and)g(lo)q(cal)g (time,)g(the)h(time)f(curren)o(tly)f(in)h(e\013ect)h(c)o(hanges)-104 2214 y(to)d(the)g(v)m(alue)g(whic)o(h)e(is)i Fg(numeric)n(al)r(ly)g Fi(the)g(same)g(in)f(the)h(new)g(system,)h(not)e(the)h(time)f(whic)o(h)g(is)g (actually)f(equiv)m(alen)o(t.)-104 2271 y(So)18 b(if)f(y)o(ou)g(are)h(in)f (the)h(zone)g(7)f(hr)h(w)o(est)g(\(Moun)o(tai)o(n\))o(,)e(and)h(y)o(ou)h(are) g(using)e(lo)q(cal)h(time,)g(and)g(the)h(time)f(is)g(1991)-104 2328 y(Jul)f(7,)h(22)f(hr)g(0)h(mn)f(0)g(sec)h(MST;)g(and)f(y)o(ou)f(t)o(yp)q (e)i Fh(g)p Fi(,)g(the)f(time)g(in)f(force)h(is)g(no)o(w)g(1991)h(Jul)e(7,)i (22)f(hr)g(0)h(mn)f(0)g(sec)-104 2386 y Fg(Universal)g(time)p Fi(,)f(whic)o(h)d(is)i(7)g(hr)f Fg(e)n(arlier)p Fi(.)21 b(T)l(o)15 b(get)f(the)f(same)h(actual)f(time,)h(y)o(ou'd)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)h(en)o(ter)f (y)i(1991)e(7)h(8)h(and)-104 2443 y(t)h(5)g(0)g(0.)23 b(The)16 b(program)f(reminds)f(the)h(user)h(that)e(this)h(is)g(happ)q(ening.)20 b(Similar)12 b(considerations)h(apply)h(to)i(the)f Fh(n)-104 2500 y Fi(option.)-8 2613 y(Similarl)o(y)l(,)i(t)o(yping)f Fh(e)i Fi(to)g(c)o(hange)g(the)f(ep)q(o)q(c)o(h)i(assumed)e(for)g(the)h (input)e(co)q(ordinates)h(do)q(esn't)g(precess)h(an)o(y)-104 2670 y(actual)d(co)q(ordinates;)f(it)g(just)h(c)o(hanges)f(ho)o(w)i(input)d (will)h(b)q(e)i(in)o(terpreted.)923 2785 y(28)p eop %%Page: 29 29 bop -8 48 a Fi(On)20 b(these)f(p)q(oin)o(ts,)g(it)f(ma)o(y)i(b)q(e)g(helpful) d(to)i(consider)f(that)h(the)g(program)f(do)q(esn't)h(actually)f(calculate)g (or)-104 105 y(con)o(v)o(ert)e(an)o(ything)d(un)o(til)g(it's)j(ask)o(ed)g (for)f(output)f({)j(the)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)e(y)o(ou)i(t)o(yp)q(e)g(in)f(lie)g (dorman)o(t)f(un)o(til)f(then.)22 b(Th)o(us)-104 162 y(the)16 b Fh(g)p Fi(,)g Fh(n)p Fi(,)g(and)f Fh(e)h Fi(options)d(con)o(trol)h(only)h (the)g Fg(interpr)n(etations)g Fi(of)g(y)o(our)g(input)e(parameters.)-8 276 y(The)20 b(t)o(wiligh)o(t)c(and)j(rise/set)f(times)g(are)i(sligh)o(tl)o (y)d(inaccurate)h(at)h(v)o(ery)h(high)e(latitudes,)g(since)h(the)g(ob)s(ject) -104 334 y(comes)f(in)o(to)d(the)h(appropriate)e(altitude)g(at)j(a)g(grazing) f(angle.)24 b(Rise/set)16 b(can)h(b)q(e)g(erroneously)f(rep)q(orted)g(as)h (not)-104 391 y(o)q(ccuring)c(at)h(v)o(ery)h(high)e(latitud)o(es)f(b)q (ecause)i(the)g(o)q(ccurence)g(of)g(rise/set)f(is)h(judged)e(using)h(the)h(p) q(osition)d(for)j(lo)q(cal)-104 448 y(midnigh)o(t)o(,)h(and)h(it's)g(p)q (ossible)f(in)h(principl)o(e)f(for)h(the)g(program)g(to)g(try)h(to)g(\014nd)e (a)i(rise/set)f(time)g(whic)o(h)g(actually)-104 505 y(do)q(esn't)g(o)q(ccur.) -8 619 y(The)h(correction)e(used)h(for)h(the)f(site)g(elev)m(ation)f(in)h (the)g(rise/set)f(calculations)f(is)i(appro)o(ximate.)22 b(Note)16 b(that)-104 677 y(it)e(ma)o(y)h(or)f(ma)o(y)h(not)f(b)q(e)h(appropriat)o(e)d (to)j(include)d(altitude)g(corrections)h(for)h(y)o(our)g(site,)g(based)g(on)g (the)h(details)d(of)-104 734 y(y)o(our)j(lo)q(cal)g(horizon.)-104 882 y Fg(Notes)j(for)f(Pr)n(o)n(gr)n(ammers.)-8 1013 y Fi(The)g(latest)e(v)o (ersion)h(\(V4\))g(of)g(the)g Fh(skycalc)i Fi(calculator)c(program)h(allo)o (ws)h(the)g(user)g(to)h(turn)e(on)h(a)h Fg(lo)n(g)h(\014le)p Fi(,)-104 1070 y(so)i(that)e(one)h(can)h(sa)o(v)o(e)f(results)e(without)h(ha) o(ving)f(to)j(go)f(through)e(the)i(rigamarole)e(of)i(creating)f(an)h(input)e (\014le)-104 1127 y(and)f(redirecting)e(output.)21 b(I)c(implemen)o(ted)c (this)i(b)o(y)h(replacing)e(the)i(appropriat)o(e)e(calls)h(to)h Fh(printf)h Fi(with)f(a)g(new)-104 1184 y(routine,)f Fh(oprntf)p Fi(,)i(whic)o(h)e(optionall)o(y)e(writes)j(to)g(a)g(\014le.)21 b(Because)16 b Fh(printf)p Fi(,)h(and)f(hence)g Fh(oprntf)p Fi(,)h(ha)o(v)o(e)e(v)m(ariable)-104 1242 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)20 b(of)i(argumen)o(ts,)g(I)g(used)f(the)h(widely-a)o(v)m(ailab)o(le)d (ANSI-standard)g(framew)o(ork)i(\(whic)o(h)g(in)o(v)o(olv)o(es)e(the)-104 1299 y(inclusion)11 b(of)i Fh()p Fi(;)j(see)e(Kernighan)e(and)h (Ritc)o(hie,)f(2nd)h(edition,)f(p.)20 b(155)14 b Fh(ff)p Fi(\).)21 b(It)13 b(turns)g(out)f(that)h(the)g Fh(cc)-104 1356 y Fi(compiler)g(on)h (Sun)g(w)o(orkstations)e(do)q(es)i(not)g(supp)q(ort)f(this)f(standard;)h(the) h(supp)q(osedly)f(ANSI-standard)e(v)o(ersion)-104 1414 y Fh(acc)22 b Fi(has)e(a)h(compiler)e(bug)h(a\013ecting)f(this)h(particular)d(feature)j (\(I'm)h(indebted)d(to)j(Mik)o(e)f(Fitz)g(of)h(NO)o(A)o(O)f(for)-104 1471 y(c)o(hasing)c(this)f(do)o(wn\).)25 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)17 b(the)g(Op)q(en)g(Soft)o(w)o(are)e(F)l(oundation's)g Fh(gcc)i Fi(compiles)e(this)h(correctly)l(.)25 b(I'd)17 b(urge)-104 1528 y(users)f(of)f(Sun)g(mac)o(hines)f(to)i(acquire)f(this)f(compiler;)g (otherwise,)h(a)h(binary)e(v)o(ersion)h(is)g(a)o(v)m(ailable)e(at)j(NO)o(A)o (O)f(for)-104 1585 y(Sun)g(users.)-8 1699 y(It's)k(not)g(alw)o(a)o(ys)f (appropriat)o(e)f(for)h(the)h(user)f(to)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(write)f(p)q (ermission.)29 b(Accordingly)17 b(it's)h(p)q(ossible)f(to)-104 1757 y(recompile)d(the)i(program)e(with)h(suc)o(h)f(p)q(ermissions)f(turned)h (o\013;)i(to)f(do)h(this,)e(\014nd)g(the)i(prepro)q(cesser)e(de\014nition)-8 1871 y Fh(#define)25 b(LOG)p 270 1871 16 2 v 19 w(FILES)p 414 1871 V 18 w(OK)g(1)-8 1985 y Fi(and)15 b(c)o(hange)g(the)g Fh(1)h Fi(to)f(a)h Fh(0)p Fi(.)-8 2099 y(I)22 b(encourage)g(programmers)e(to) h(b)q(orro)o(w)h(from)f(this)f(co)q(de,)25 b(but)20 b(I)j(caution)d(against)g (attempting)f(ma)s(jor)-104 2156 y(surgery)14 b(on)f(the)h(co)q(de)g(itself)e (unless)h(y)o(ou)g(study)g(it)g(for)h(a)g(while.)19 b(There)c(are)f(some)g (subtle)e(issues)h(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)e(whic)o(h)-104 2213 y(to)q(ok)19 b(me)g(a)g(while)f(to)g(get)h(righ)o(t.)28 b(On)19 b(the)f(other)g(hand,)h (there)f(are)h(minor)e(c)o(hanges)h(can)g(b)q(e)h(done)g(safely)f(and)-104 2271 y(rather)d(triviall)o(y)l(.)-8 2385 y(If)i(y)o(ou)g(\014nd)f(that)g(the) h(routines)e(whic)o(h)h(dep)q(end)g(on)h(the)g(system)g(clo)q(c)o(k)g(don't)g (w)o(ork,)h(y)o(ou)e(can)i(turn)d(them)-104 2442 y(o\013)h(b)o(y)f(\014nding) f(the)h(line)-8 2556 y Fh(#define)25 b(SYS)p 270 2556 V 19 w(CLOCK)p 414 2556 V 18 w(OK)g(1)-8 2670 y Fi(and)15 b(c)o(hanging)e(the)i Fh(1)h Fi(to)g(an)o(y)f(other)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er.)923 2785 y(29)p eop %%Page: 30 30 bop -8 48 a Fi(I'v)o(e)14 b(run)e(in)o(to)f(one)i(curious)e(issue)h (regarding)f(system)i(clo)q(c)o(ks.)20 b(A)o(t)13 b(Lic)o(k)f(Observ)m(atory) l(,)h(and)g(p)q(erhaps)f(others,)-104 105 y(there)19 b(is)g(a)h(tradition)c (of)j(main)o(tain)o(in)o(g)e(standard)g(time)h(all)h(y)o(ear)g(for)g(scien)o (ti\014c)e(purp)q(oses,)i(ev)o(en)h(though)d(civil)-104 162 y(timek)o(eeping)11 b(uses)h(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa)o(vings)i(time.)19 b(It's)13 b(tempting)d(to)i(implemen)o(t)d(this)i(simply)g(b)o(y)h(turning)e (o\013)i(da)o(yligh)o(t)-104 220 y(sa)o(vings,)g(but)f(then)h(the)g Fh(T)g Fi(option)f(do)q(esn't)g(w)o(ork)i(for)f(half)f(the)h(y)o(ear,)h(b)q (ecause)f(the)g(computer's)f(clo)q(c)o(k)i(is)e(generally)-104 277 y(set)16 b(to)f(civil)f(time.)21 b(I)16 b(ha)o(v)o(en't)e(y)o(et)i(co)q (ded)f(in)g(the)g(complications)d(needed)j(to)h(patc)o(h)e(this.)-8 386 y(T)l(o)k(include)e(a)i(new)g(site)f(on)g(the)g(men)o(u,)h(mo)q(dify)e (the)i(routine)d Fh(load)p 1276 386 16 2 v 18 w(site)p Fi(.)28 b(F)l(ollo)o(w)17 b(the)g(examples)g(there.)-104 443 y(Y)l(ou)d(can)f(c)o (hec)o(k)h(that)e(they)h(are)h(en)o(tered)f(correctly)g(b)o(y)g(examining)e (output)h(from)g(the)i Fh(l)g Fi(option)d(in)i(the)g(program.)-104 500 y(F)l(eel)j(free)g(to)f(include)f(new)i(sites.)-8 609 y(If)21 b(y)o(our)g(site)g(uses)g(an)g(unsupp)q(orted)d(da)o(yligh)o(t)g(sa)o(vings)i (time)h(algorith)o(m,)g(include)e(y)o(our)h(option)g(in)g(the)-104 666 y(routine)h Fh(find)p 171 666 V 18 w(dst)p 264 666 V 19 w(bounds)p Fi(,)k(using)c(the)h(curren)o(t)f(routine)f(as)j(a)g(mo)q(del.)41 b(Note)22 b(that)g(in)f(the)h(lab)q(els)g(for)g(dst)-104 723 y(con)o(v)o(en)o(tions,)c(p)q(ositiv)o(e)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(refer)i(to)h (northern)d(sites)h(and)h(negativ)o(e)f(to)i(southern)d(sites,)j(for)f(whic)o (h)f(the)-104 781 y(logic)d(has)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(rev)o(ersed.)-8 889 y(The)g(co)q(de)h(at)e(this)g(p)q(oin)o(t)f(is)h(pac)o(k)m(aged)h(as)g(a) g(single)e(enormous)g(source)i(\014le,)f(of)h(o)o(v)o(er)g(5000)f(lines!)21 b(F)l(unction)-104 947 y(declarations)15 b(are)i(in)f(the)g(`old')h(K&R)h(st) o(yle,)e(to)h(k)o(eep)g(Sun)f(Microsystems)g(compilers)f(happ)o(y)g(ev)o(en)j (in)e(default.)-104 1004 y(I)k(also)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)h(v)o(ersion)e(in)h (whic)o(h)f(the)h(co)q(de)i(is)e(sliced)f(in)o(to)g(eigh)o(t)g (cross-referenced)g(pieces,)j(with)d(ANSI-st)o(yle)-104 1061 y(function)c(declarations.)19 b(If)c(y)o(ou)h(need)f(this)f(\(sa)o(y)h(to)g (compile)f(on)i(a)g(PC\),)g(send)f(me)h(email.)923 2785 y(30)p eop %%Page: 31 31 bop 143 48 a Fj(2.)25 b(A)18 b(NIGHTTIME)g(ASTR)n(ONOMICAL)h(CALEND)n(AR)f (PR)n(OGRAM.)-8 154 y Fi(This)13 b(program)g(prin)o(ts)e(an)j(astronomical)d (calendar)h(for)i(a)g(giv)o(en)f(y)o(ear)h(from)f(a)h(single)f(site.)19 b(The)c(algorithms)-104 211 y(used)f(are)h(for)f(the)g(most)g(part)f(iden)o (tical)e(to)k(those)e(used)h(for)g(the)g(circumstances)f(calculator)f (program)h(describ)q(ed)-104 269 y(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e,)j(but)e(the)h(input)e(and) i(output)e(are)j(di\013eren)o(t.)j(The)c(purp)q(ose)g(of)g(the)g(calendar)f (is)g(similar)f(to)i(that)g(prin)o(ted)-104 326 y(ann)o(ually)f(\(up)h(to)h (1994\))g(in)g(the)g(NO)o(A)o(O)g(newsletter)f(for)h(Kitt)f(P)o(eak;)j(ho)o (w)o(ev)o(er,)f(the)f(format)f(is)h(designed)e(to)i(b)q(e)-104 383 y(easier)g(to)f(use,)h(less)f(error-prone,)f(and)h(to)g(giv)o(e)g(rather) g(more)g(information)d(than)j(the)g(NO)o(A)o(O)g(calendar.)20 b(\(As)15 b(of)-104 440 y(this)e(writing,)g(it)h(lo)q(oks)g(lik)o(ely)e(that) h(this)g(program)g(will)g(in)g(fact)h(b)q(e)h(used)f(b)o(y)g(NO)o(A)o(O)g (for)f(newsletters)g(from)h(1995)-104 498 y(on)o(w)o(ard!\))23 b(The)17 b(program)f(can)g(easily)g(b)q(e)h(adapted)e(for)h(other)g(observ)m (atories.)23 b(Again,)15 b(this)h(is)g(a)g(self-con)o(tained)-104 555 y(C)j(program)e(whic)o(h)g(should)e(run)i(gracefully)f(on)i(v)m(arious)f (computers;)g(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)i(the)e(same)h(cautions)e(as)i(listed)-104 612 y(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)e(apply)l(.)-8 719 y(The)i(output)d(has)i(a)g(wide)h (format)e(\(122)g(c)o(haracters\).)25 b(A)o(t)17 b(the)g(b)q(eginning,)e (some)i(information)d(is)j(prin)o(ted)-104 776 y(along)e(with)f(prompts)f (for)i(in)o(teractiv)o(e)e(use)i(\(something)d(whic)o(h)j(will)f(probably)f (seldom)h(happ)q(en.\))19 b(Then)d(comes)-104 833 y(a)23 b(page)f(of)h (informati)o(on)c(ab)q(out)i(the)h(program)g(and)f(its)h(accuracy)l(,)i(whic) o(h)d(is)h(largely)f(redundan)o(t)f(with)h(this)-104 890 y(do)q(cumen)o(t.)j (Next)17 b(follo)o(ws)e(a)j(table)d(of)i(mo)q(on)g(phases,)f(with)g(the)h (times,)g(giv)o(en)f(as)h(lo)q(cal)f(zone)h(times,)f(accurate)-104 948 y(to)g(a)g(few)g(min)o(utes.)j(Next)c(follo)o(w)f(the)h(results)f(for)h (eac)o(h)h(of)f(the)g(t)o(w)o(elv)o(e)g(mon)o(ths.)-8 1054 y(As)k(of)g(August)e(1993,)j(an)e(option)f(is)h(installed)e(whic)o(h)i (formats)f(the)i(output)e(so)i(that)e(it)h(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)h(prin)o(ted)-104 1111 y(with)13 b(the)f(T)l(eX)i(*)f(t)o(yp)q(esetting)e(program.)19 b(The)13 b(output)e(is)i(mini\014ed)d(so)j(that)f(it)g(\014ts)h(on)o(to)e(a)j (page)e(in)g(the)h(standard)-104 1168 y(v)o(ertical)f(orien)o(tatio)o(n.)18 b(Although)10 b(it)i(is)h(no)g(smaller)f(than)g(the)h(tables)e(in)i(the)g(NO) o(A)o(O)f(Newsletter,)h(y)o(ou)g(ma)o(y)g(wish)-104 1226 y(to)j(photo)q(cop)o (y)e(it)h(sidew)o(a)o(ys)g(on)o(to)g(a)h(page)f(at)h(greater)f(scale.)22 b(Or,)16 b(another)e(T)l(eX)j(option)d(prin)o(ts)f(t)o(w)o(o)i(mon)o(ths)f (to)-104 1283 y(a)j(page,)g(in)f(whic)o(h)g(case)h(y)o(ou'll)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h (a)h(hard)e(time)h(magnifying)e(it)i(m)o(uc)o(h)f(more.)24 b(F)l(urther)16 b(details)e(on)j(the)f(T)l(eX)-104 1340 y(option)g(are)i(giv) o(en)f(later.)28 b(If)18 b(T)l(eX)h(output)c(is)j(not)f(selected,)h(a)g (formfeed)f(c)o(haracter)g(is)g(inserted)f(at)i(the)g(top)f(of)-104 1398 y(eac)o(h)f(page,)g(so)g(the)f(output)e(can)j(simply)e(b)q(e)i(prin)o (ted)d(on)i(a)h(line)f(prin)o(ter)e(with)i(a)g(new)i(page)e(for)g(ev)o(ery)i (mon)o(th.)i(I)-104 1455 y(ha)o(v)o(e)f(also)f(had)g(go)q(o)q(d)h(success)f (p)q(orting)f(the)h(output)f(to)i(micro)q(computers)d(and)i(prin)o(tin)o(g)e (on)j(a)g(laserprin)n(ter)d(in)-104 1512 y(landscap)q(e)g(mo)q(de.)-8 1618 y(A)o(t)20 b(the)f(head)h(of)g(eac)o(h)g(mon)o(th)e(is)i(the)g(y)o(ear)g (and)f(mon)o(th)g(set)h(o\013)g(b)o(y)g(asterisks.)34 b(Also)19 b(giv)o(en)g(is)h(the)g(site)-104 1676 y(name,)14 b(its)e(longitud)o(e)f(in)h Fg(hours)h Fi(min)o(utes)e(and)h(seconds,)h(its)f(latitude)e(in)i Fg(de)n(gr)n(e)n(es)g Fi(and)g(decimal)g(min)o(utes,)f(and)h(the)-104 1733 y(standard)h(time)h(zone.)21 b(After)14 b(some)h(other)f(informati)o (on,)e(the)j(user)f(is)g(reminded)f(that)h(the)g(times)g(listed)f(\(except) -104 1790 y(for)j(sidereal\))f(are)h Fg(lo)n(c)n(al)h Fi(times;)g(the)f(name) g(of)g(the)g(zone)h(is)f(giv)o(en.)23 b(If)16 b(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa)o(vings)i (time)h(is)g(used,)g(the)g(user)-104 1848 y(is)g(reminded)d(of)j(this)e(as)h (w)o(ell.)-8 1954 y(The)22 b(rest)g(of)g(the)f(calendar)g(is)g(organized)f (with)h(one)h(nigh)o(t)e(p)q(er)i(line.)38 b(Note)22 b(that)f(this)f(c)o (hoice)h(is)h(only)-104 2011 y(sensible)13 b(for)i(nigh)o(tti)o(me)d (astronomers,)h(a)j(large)e(\(but)f(not)h(all-inclu)o(si)o(v)o(e\))e(subset.) 20 b(Though)14 b(the)g(calendar)g(w)o(orks)-104 2068 y(at)j(circump)q(olar)e (latitudes,)g(this)g(form)i(of)g(organizatio)o(n)d(is)j(not)f(optimal)f (during)g(the)h(\\midnigh)o(t)e(sun")i(either!)-104 2126 y(A)g(detailed)e (description)e(of)j(the)h(tabulated)c(quan)o(tities)h(follo)o(ws.)-8 2232 y(The)18 b(\014rst)f(column)g(giv)o(es)g(the)g(da)o(y)h(and)f(date,)h Fg(for)h(b)n(oth)h(evening)e(and)i(morning)p Fi(.)28 b(This)17 b(should)f(minimize)-104 2289 y(errors)f(in)g(reading)f(dates.)20 b(A)c(blank)e(line)h(app)q(ears)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(Saturda)o(y)d(and)i (Sunda)o(y)f(nigh)o(ts.)-8 2395 y(The)k(next)g(column)e(giv)o(es)h(the)g(JD)h (at)g Fg(lo)n(c)n(al)g Fi(midnigh)n(t,)e(rounded)g(o\013)h(to)h(the)f (nearest)g(0.1)h(d)g(to)f(a)o(v)o(oid)f(an)o(y)-104 2453 y(am)o(biguit)n(y)l (.)i(The)12 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(giv)o(en)h(has)g(the)h(largest)e(m)o(ultip)o (le)f(of)i(10000)h(da)o(ys)f(\(\014gured)f(for)h(the)g(\014rst)g(of)h(the)f (mon)o(th\))-104 2510 y(subtracted)j(a)o(w)o(a)o(y;)h(th)o(us)f(JD)h (2451020.5)g(will)f(b)q(e)i(prin)o(ted)c(as)j(1020.5.)21 b(If)16 b(da)o(yligh)o(t)c(sa)o(vings)h(is)i(in)f(use,)i(the)f(JD)g(is)-104 2567 y(the)h(JD)g(of)f(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(sa)o(vings)i(midnigh)o(t)o(.)p -104 2617 600 2 v -56 2670 a(*)24 b(T)l(eX)16 b(is)f(probably)f(someone's)h (trademark,)g(or)g(something.)923 2785 y(31)p eop %%Page: 32 32 bop -8 48 a Fi(The)12 b(third)d(column)g(giv)o(es)i(the)g(Lo)q(cal)g Fg(Me)n(an)g Fi(Sidereal)e(Time)i(\(see)g(the)g(earlier)f(discussion)e(for)i (the)h(distincti)o(on)-104 105 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)16 b(true)f(and)g(mean)h (sidereal)e(time\))h(at)g(lo)q(cal)g(midnigh)o(t)o(;)f(it)h(is)g(more)h (accurate)f(than)g(the)g(nearest-second)-104 162 y(accuracy)h(whic)o(h)f(is)g (tabulated.)k(Again,)c(if)g(da)o(yligh)o(t)e(sa)o(vings)h(is)h(in)g (e\013ect,)i(this)d(is)h(the)g(JD)i(at)e(da)o(yligh)o(t-)o(sa)o(vi)o(ngs)-104 220 y(midnigh)o(t)o(.)-8 333 y(The)d(next)f(four)g(columns)f(giv)o(e)h(resp)q (ectiv)o(ely)f(the)h(times)g(of)g(sunset,)g(ev)o(ening)g(\(18-degree\))f(t)o (wiligh)o(t)o(,)g(morning)-104 391 y(t)o(wiligh)o(t,)k(and)i(sunrise.)22 b(Th)o(us)16 b(the)g(columns)f(are)i(in)e(the)h(same)h(sequence)g(as)f(the)h (actual)e(ev)o(en)o(ts,)h(whic)o(h)g(seems)-104 448 y(natural.)31 b(The)19 b(t)o(wiligh)o(t)d(giv)o(en)j(is)f(18)i(degree)f(\(`astronomical'\)) d(t)o(wiligh)o(t)o(,)i(and)h(the)g(rise/set)f(times)g(giv)o(en)h(are)-104 505 y(when)h(the)f(cen)o(ter)g(of)h(the)f(sun)g(is)g(50)h(arcmin)o(utes)d(b)q (elo)o(w)i(the)g(horizon;)h(this)f(is)g(roughly)e(the)j(time)f(when)g(the) -104 562 y(sun's)d(upp)q(er)g(lim)o(b)f(touc)o(hes)g(the)i(horizon,)e(once)i (refraction)e(and)h(the)g(sun's)g(angular)f(diameter)g(are)i(tak)o(en)f(in)o (to)-104 620 y(accoun)o(t.)36 b(If)21 b(the)f(observ)m(atory's)g(elev)m (ation)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g(its)g(surroundi)o(ngs)e(are)i(sp)q(eci\014ed,)i (the)e(depression)f(of)h(the)-104 677 y(horizon)c(is)h(tak)o(en)f(in)o(to)g (accoun)o(t.)25 b(Accuracy)17 b(is)g(as)g(discussed)e(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)26 b(If)17 b(an)g(ev)o(en)o(t)g(do)q(esn't)g(happ)q(en)f(during)f(a)-104 734 y(nigh)o(t)d(\()p Fg(e.g.)p Fi(,)i(t)o(wiligh)n(t)d(at)j(high)e (latitudes)f(in)i(summer\),)g(ellipses)f(\()p Fe(:)c(:)g(:)p Fi(\))14 b(are)g(prin)o(ted)d(in)i(the)g(appropriate)e(column.)-104 792 y(Note)20 b(that)f(the)h(altitud)o(e)e(of)i(the)f(observ)m(atory)g(is)h (not)f(tak)o(en)g(in)o(to)g(accoun)o(t)f(in)i(the)f(rise/set)g(times;)i(this) e(can)-104 849 y(lead)c(to)h(disagreemen)o(t)d(b)o(y)i(a)h(few)g(min)o(utes)d (with)i(tables)f(suc)o(h)h(as)h(those)f(in)f(the)h Fg(NO)o(A)o(O)i (Newsletter)p Fi(,)f(whic)o(h)f(are)-104 906 y(sometimes)g(computed)f (assuming)f(an)j(elev)m(ation)e(for)h(the)g(observ)m(atory)l(.)-8 1020 y(The)20 b(next)g(t)o(w)o(o)g(columns)e(giv)o(e)i(a)g(quan)o(tit)o(y)d (I)k(ha)o(v)o(e)e(found)f(v)o(ery)j(useful,)e(namely)g(the)h(sidereal)e (times)h(at)-104 1077 y(ev)o(ening)i(and)g(morning)e(t)o(wiligh)o(t)o(.)37 b(This)21 b(de\014nes)f(the)i(range)f(of)g(RA)h(whic)o(h)f(is)g(accessible)f (on)h(the)g(meridian)-104 1135 y(during)14 b(the)h(nigh)o(t.)-8 1248 y(The)h(last)f(\014v)o(e)g(columns)f(p)q(ertain)g(to)h(the)g Fg(mo)n(on)p Fi(.)-8 1362 y(The)f(times)e(of)h(mo)q(onrise)e(and)i(mo)q (onset)f(are)h(giv)o(en,)g(pro)o(vided)e(they)i(o)q(ccur)g(at)g(nigh)o(t)e (or)i(within)e(a)i(b)q(oundary)-104 1419 y(on)g(either)f(side.)20 b(\(The)13 b(algorithm)d(used)j(here)g(can)g(giv)o(e)f(some)h(trouble)f(if)g (the)h(site)f(is)g(v)o(ery)i(far)e(from)h(the)f(cen)o(ter)h(of)-104 1477 y(its)h(assumed)g(time)f(zone.\))21 b(Ellipses)13 b(\()p Fe(:)8 b(:)g(:)p Fi(\))15 b(are)f(prin)o(ted)e(if)i(the)g(rise)g(or)h(set)f (do)q(es)h(not)f(o)q(ccur)h(within)e(the)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)-104 1534 y(in)o(terv)m(al.)20 b(Note)c(that)f(rise)g(and)g(set)h(times,)f(though) f(they)i(o)q(ccur)g(in)f(successiv)o(e)g(columns,)g(do)g Fg(not)i Fi(alw)o(a)o(ys)e(o)q(ccur)-104 1591 y(successiv)o(ely)c(in)g(time,)i(dep)q (ending)c(on)j(the)g(mo)q(on's)g(phase.)19 b(Rise/set)11 b(times)g(are)h (again)f(for)h(50)g(arcmin)o(utes)d(b)q(elo)o(w)-104 1648 y(the)15 b(horizon;)f(v)m(ariations)e(in)i(the)h(mo)q(on's)f(semidiameter)f(are)i (ignored.)k(The)c(mo)q(on)g(ephemerides)e(are)i(based)f(on)-104 1706 y(accurate)i(form)o(ulae)d(from)i(Jean)g(Meeus')h Fg(Astr)n(onomic)n(al) h(F)l(ormulae)h(for)f(Calculators)p Fi(.)-8 1820 y(The)c(next)f(column)f(giv) o(es)h(the)g(p)q(ercen)o(tage)g(of)h(the)f(mo)q(on's)g(face)h(whic)o(h)e(is)h (illumin)o(ated)o(.)18 b(New,)c(\014rst)d(quarter,)-104 1877 y(full,)17 b(and)h(last)e(quarter)h(corresp)q(ond)g(appro)o(ximatel)o(y)f(to) i(v)m(alues)f(of)h(0,)h(50,)g(100,)g(and)e(50)h(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)f(for)g (this)-104 1934 y(quan)o(tit)o(y)l(.)h(If)c Fe(\022)i Fi(is)d(the)g(angle)g (subtended)e(b)o(y)j(the)f(sun)g(and)g(the)g(mo)q(on)g(at)h(the)f(observ)o (er,)g(the)h(quan)o(tit)n(y)e(tabulated)-104 1991 y(is)472 2180 y(Illuminat)o(ed)h(p)q(ercen)o(tage)f(=)h(100)p Fe(:)e Ff(\002)1163 2148 y Fi(1)p 1163 2169 24 2 v 1163 2213 a(2)1193 2180 y(\(1)f Ff(\000)h Fi(cos)d Fe(\022)q Fi(\))p Fe(:)-8 2348 y Fi(Finally)l(,)18 b(the)g(last)g(t)o(w)o(o)h(columns)e(giv)o(e)h(the)h(RA)g (and)f(dec)i(of)e(the)h(mo)q(on)f(at)h(lo)q(cal)f(midnigh)o(t)o(,)f(whether)i (or)-104 2405 y(not)e(the)g(mo)q(on)h(is)f(up)f(at)i(that)e(time.)26 b(The)18 b(p)q(osition)d(is)i(top)q(o)q(cen)o(tric.)25 b(It)18 b(is)f(v)o(ery)g(useful)f(to)h(kno)o(w)h(the)f(mo)q(on's)-104 2462 y(p)q(osition)c(if)i(y)o(ou're)h(trying)e(to)h(w)o(ork)h(around)e(it.) 923 2785 y(32)p eop %%Page: 33 33 bop -104 48 a Fg(Times)17 b(in)f(the)i(Calendar)g(pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am.)-8 169 y Fi(Note)d(that)f(the)g(rise,)h(set,)g(and)f(t)o(wiligh)o(t)e(times)i (giv)o(en)g(in)g(the)g(calendar)g(are)h(for)f Fg(the)j(lo)n(c)n(al)g(time)f (zone)p Fi(.)21 b(\(The)-104 226 y(sidereal)c(times)g(are)h(of)g(course)g (strictly)e(lo)q(cal)h(and)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(nothing)f(to)i(do)f(with)h(the)f (time)h(zone.\))28 b(If)18 b(y)o(ou)g(wish,)-104 283 y(da)o(yligh)o(t)c(sa)o (vings)i(times)g(can)h(b)q(e)h(listed;)e(if)g(y)o(ou)h(use)g(this)e(feature,) i(a)g(site-dep)q(enden)o(t)d(prescription)g(is)j(used)f(to)-104 341 y(select)d(whether)g(da)o(yligh)o(t)d(or)k(standard)d(time)h(is)h(used.) 20 b(The)14 b(switc)o(ho)o(v)o(er)d(o)q(ccurs)i(at)g(2)h(AM)f(on)g(Sunda)o(y) f(morning.)-104 398 y(This)k(can)h(in)e(principle)f(lead)h(to)i(an)f(am)o (biguit)n(y)e(around)h(the)h(time)f(of)i(time)e(c)o(hange)h(\(in)f(the)h (fall,)g(it's)f(1:30)i(AM)-104 455 y(lo)q(cal)d(time)g(t)o(wice)g(on)h(the)f (same)g(nigh)o(t!\),)f(but)g(y)o(ou)i(should)d(b)q(e)j(able)f(to)g(unra)o(v)o (el)f(this)g(rare)h(case)h(from)f(con)o(tin)o(ui)o(t)n(y)-104 513 y(with)j(the)g(preceding)f(and)h(follo)o(win)o(g)e(nigh)o(ts.)24 b(Sev)o(eral)17 b(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)o(s)e(are)j(a)o(v)m(ailable)d(for)i (the)g(dates)f(of)i(the)f(time)-104 570 y(c)o(hange.)25 b(The)18 b(con)o(v)o(en)o(tions)c(co)q(ded)j(of)g(this)f(writing)f(are)i(the)g(USA)f (con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)e(\(1st)j(Sunda)o(y)e(in)h(April)f(to)i(last)-104 627 y(in)g(Octob)q(er)g(after)g(1986,)h(last)e(Sunda)o(y)g(in)g(April)g(b)q (efore)h(1986,)h(more)f(or)g(less\),)g(the)g(Chilean)f(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion,)g (and)-104 684 y(the)h(Spanish)e(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion.)23 b(If)17 b(y)o(ou)g(need)g(another)f(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)e(y)o(ou'll)h(ha)o(v)o(e)i (to)g(add)f(it)h(to)g(the)g(source)f(co)q(de,)j(in)-104 742 y(the)d(routine)d Fh(find)p 246 742 16 2 v 19 w(dst)p 340 742 V 18 w(bounds)p Fi(.)-8 849 y(The)i(header)f(that)g(app)q(ears)f(on)i(eac)o (h)f(page)g(mak)o(es)h(a)g(note)f(if)g(da)o(yligh)n(t)e(sa)o(vings)h(time)h (is)g(used.)20 b(An)14 b(asterisk)-104 906 y(is)i(prin)o(ted)c(b)o(y)k(the)f (date)g(on)g(whic)o(h)g(the)g(time)g(is)g(c)o(hanged.)-104 1041 y Fg(R)o(unning)h(the)h(c)n(alendar.)-8 1162 y Fi(Y)l(ou)e(will)g (probably)f(nev)o(er)i(w)o(an)o(t)f(to)g(actually)g(run)g(the)g(calendar)g (in)o(teracti)o(v)o(ely;)f(it)h(tak)o(es)h(a)g(while)f(to)g(run,)-104 1220 y(and)e(it)g(pro)q(duces)g(an)g(output)f(wider)h(than)g(most)g (terminals.)k(T)l(o)e(run)e(it,)g(y)o(ou'll)f(w)o(an)o(t)h(to)g(use)h(a)g (bac)o(kground)d(job,)-104 1277 y(with)18 b(output)e(redirected)g(to)i(a)g (\014le)g(y)o(ou)f(can)h(prin)o(t)e(on)i(some)g(wide)g(device)g(\()p Fg(e.g.)p Fi(,)g(a)g(laserwriter)e(in)h(landscap)q(e)-104 1334 y(mo)q(de\).)-8 1442 y(I)h(describ)q(e)f(b)q(elo)o(w)g(the)g(input)e(that)i (the)g(program)f(will)g(call)h(for)g(when)h(run)e(non-in)o(teracti)o(v)o(el)o (y)l(.)25 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)-104 1499 y(the)14 b(program)e(is)g(also)h (designed)f(so)h(that)f(y)o(ou)h(can)h(`test-run')e(it)g(in)o(teractiv)o(el)o (y)f(to)i(reconnoiter)f(the)h(inputs)e(it)h(will)-104 1556 y(require)17 b(and)g(the)f(options)g(a)o(v)m(ailable.)24 b(The)18 b(program)d(\014rst)i(asks)g(y)o(ou)g(to)g(select)g(a)h(site,)f(and)f(prin)o (ts)f(a)j(men)o(u)e(of)-104 1613 y(`canned')f(p)q(ossibil)o(i)o(ti)o(es.)j(Y) l(ou)c(can)h(select)f(one)g(of)g(the)g(`canned')g(sites,)g(or)g(en)o(ter)g (all)f(the)h(parameters)e(for)i(another)-104 1671 y(site.)24 b(The)17 b(last)f(input)e(prompted)h(for)h(is)g(the)h(y)o(ear)g(for)f(whic)o (h)f(to)i(prin)o(t)d(the)i(calendar;)h(giving)e(a)h(negativ)o(e)g(y)o(ear) -104 1728 y(here)g(exits)f(the)g(program.)-8 1835 y(Before)h(pro)q(ducing)e (the)i(calendar,)f(then,)h(y)o(our)g(\014rst)f(step)h(should)e(b)q(e)j(to)f (run)g(the)g(program)f(in)o(teractiv)o(el)o(y)l(,)-104 1893 y(mostly)h(to)g(b)q(e)h(sure)e(whic)o(h)h(`canned)g(sites')f(are)i(a)o(v)m (ailable)d(in)h(y)o(our)h(o)o(wn)g(v)o(ersion)f(of)h(the)g(program.)22 b(After)16 b(that,)-104 1950 y(y)o(ou)e(create)g(a)h(little)c(pro)q(cedure)j (or)g(job,)g(with)f(the)h(output)e(redirected)g(in)o(to)h(a)h(\014le,)g(to)g (mak)o(e)g(the)g(calendar)f(itself.)-104 2007 y(The)20 b(exact)f(format)e(of) h(this)f(job)h(will)f(b)q(e)i(dep)q(enden)o(t)e(on)h(y)o(our)g(system,)i(and) e(on)g(just)f(what)i(y)o(ou)f(w)o(an)o(t)f(to)i(do.)-104 2065 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)g(the)f(inputs)e(y)o(ou)h(need)h(will)f(b)q(e)h (system-indep)q(enden)o(t)o(.)26 b(Here)18 b(are)g(some)h(annotated)c (examples;)k(the)-104 2122 y(text)d(to)f(the)h(righ)o(t)d(is)i(commen)o(tary) l(,)g(not)f(to)i(b)q(e)g(put)e(in)h(the)g(job)g(itself.)-8 2229 y(Example)g(1)h(-)g(for)f(one)g(of)h(the)f(`canned)g(sites.'.)-8 2344 y Fh(k)326 b(\(code)25 b(for)g(kitt)h(peak,)f(assumed)h(to)f(be)719 2401 y(one)g(of)g(the)g("canned)h(sites"\))-8 2458 y(1991)251 b(\(year)25 b(for)g(which)h(calendar)f(is)h(to)f(be)g(run\))-8 2516 y(2)326 b(\(do)25 b(format)h(for)f(TeX)g(printing,)h(2)f(months)g(per)g (page.\))-8 2613 y Fi(Example)15 b(2)h(-)g(for)f(another)f(site.)923 2785 y(33)p eop %%Page: 34 34 bop -8 107 a Fh(n)376 b(\(new)25 b(site)h(-)f(not)g(one)g(of)g(the)h(canned)f (ones\).)-8 166 y(6)g(16)g(56)226 b(\(WEST)25 b(longitude,)h(HOURS)f(MINUTES) h(SECONDS.\))-8 225 y(44)f(44)g(42)201 b(\(latitude,)26 b(DEGREES)f(MINUTES)h (SECONDS\).)-8 284 y(0)376 b(\(site)25 b(elevation,)h(in)f(meters,)h(above)f (effective)h(horizon\))-8 343 y(6)376 b(\(standard)26 b(time)f(zone,)g(hours) h(WEST)f(of)g(Greenwich\))-8 402 y(USND)g(Hoople)126 b(\(Site)25 b(name;)h(terminate)f(with)h(carriage)f(return\).)-8 461 y(Central)226 b(\(Time)25 b(zone)h(name,)f(terminated)h(with)f(carriage)h(return\).)-8 520 y(1)376 b(\(use)25 b(daylight)h(savings)f(time,)644 579 y(USA)g(post-1986)g(prescription\).)-8 638 y(0)376 b(\(don't)25 b(use)h(TeX)f(on)g(output)h(--)f(give)g(1)g(or)g(2)g(for)h(TeX\).)-8 697 y(1991)301 b(\(year\))-8 803 y Fi(Naturally)l(,)17 b(y)o(ou)h(should)f(b) q(e)i(esp)q(ecially)e(careful)h(ab)q(out)f(y)o(our)h(site)g(parameters;)h(an) o(y)o(one)f(en)o(tering)e(a)j(new)-104 860 y(site)k(in)g(the)g(source)g(co)q (de)h(should)d(b)q(e)j(do)o(wnrigh)o(t)c(compulsiv)o(e,)k(since)f(man)o(y)f (p)q(eople)h(ma)o(y)g(dep)q(end)g(on)g(the)-104 918 y(accuracy)l(.)39 b(The)22 b(user)f(should)f(c)o(hec)o(k)h(the)g(output)e(to)j(b)q(e)f(sure)g (the)g(parameters)f(rep)q(eated)h(are)h(correct;)i(the)-104 975 y(latitude,)13 b(longitude,)g(etc.)22 b(are)15 b(prin)o(ted)e(at)j(the)f (top)g(of)g(ev)o(ery)h(mon)o(th's)e(page.)-104 1117 y Fg(Examples)19 b(of)e(how)g(to)h(run)e(the)i(pr)n(o)n(gr)n(am)f(in)f(b)n(ackgr)n(ound.)-8 1241 y Fi(I'll)i(sho)o(w)g(ho)o(w)h(to)f(do)g(this)g(using)f(UNIX)h(or)h(VMS) f(systems)g(\(note)g(that)f(these)h(are)h(trademark)e(names\).)-104 1298 y(This)f(is)f(not)f(of)i(complete)e(generalit)o(y)l(,)g(but)g(co)o(v)o (ers)i(the)f(bases)g(for)g(most)g(users.)-8 1404 y(On)21 b(a)h(UNIX)f (system,)i(if)e(y)o(ou'v)o(e)g(named)g(y)o(our)f(executable)h(task)g Fh(calendar)p Fi(,)j(y)o(ou'd)d(edit)f(a)h(\014le)g(called)-104 1461 y Fh(inputs)c Fi(con)o(tainin)o(g)c(the)i(input)e(data,)i(just)g(as)g (ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)21 b(Then)16 b(t)o(yp)q(e)92 1567 y Fh(calendar)26 b(<)f(inputs)g(>)g(hoople)p 746 1567 16 2 v 19 w(1991)g(&)-8 1673 y Fi(whic)o(h)14 b(could)g(b)q(e)i(paraphrased)c(as)k(\\run)e(the)g (calendar)g(program,)g(taking)g(input)f(from)i(\()p Fh(<)p Fi(\))f(the)h(\014le)g(named)-104 1730 y Fh(inputs)p Fi(,)i(directing)c (output)h(to)h(\()p Fh(>)p Fi(\))g(a)h(\014le)f(named)g Fh(hoople)p 992 1730 V 18 w(1991)p Fi(,)h(and)f(do)g(it)g(in)g(bac)o(kground)e(\()p Fh(&)p Fi(\)".)-8 1836 y(On)18 b(a)g(VMS)f(system,)i(y)o(ou)e(w)o(ould)g (edit)g(a)h(command)f(\014le)g({)h(let's)f(call)g(it)g Fh(CALDRIVE.COM)i Fi({)f(whic)o(h)f(w)o(ould)-104 1894 y(ha)o(v)o(e)f(the)f(\014rst)f(line)92 2000 y Fh($)25 b(run)h(calendar)-8 2105 y Fi(with)13 b(subsequen)o(t)f(input) g(on)i(successiv)o(e)f(lines)f(without)g(dollar)g(signs)h(at)h(the)f(fron)o (t)g(\(again,)f(just)h(as)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e\).)-104 2163 y(Then)i(y)o(ou'd)f (t)o(yp)q(e)92 2269 y Fh(@CALDRIVE/OUT=HOOPLE)p 595 2269 V 20 w(1991.LIS)-8 2375 y Fi(to)g(run)g(the)g(command)g(\014le)g(and)f(direct)h (the)g(out\014le)f(to)h(a)h(\014le)f(called)f Fh(HOOPLE)p 1434 2375 V 19 w(1991.LIS)p Fi(.)923 2785 y(34)p eop %%Page: 35 35 bop -104 48 a Fg(Mor)n(e)17 b(on)h(the)f(T)l(eX)h(option.)-8 162 y Fi(The)i(T)l(eX)h(output)c(is)i(based)g(on)h(a)f(`Dirt)o(y)h(T)l(ric)o 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